中世纪英国文学史Word文档格式.docx
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中世纪英国文学史Word文档格式.docx
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1.Background
1.1.SocialEvents
1.1.1.TheearliestsettlersoftheBritishIsles(600B.C.---55B.C.)---TheBritons不列颠人wereatribeoftheCelts凯尔特人,whocametosettleontheBritishIslesinabout600BC.Fromthename“Briton”camesuchwordsas“Britain”,“British”and“Britannica”today.
1.1.2TheRomanRule(55B.C.---A.D.410)---In55BCJuliusCaesarledaRomanarmytoinvadeBritain.BeingaprimitivepeopletheBritonswereeasilyconqueredandtheislandbecameaRomanprovincetilltheRomanEmpiresplitintotheWesternandtheEasternEmpiresin407.
1.1.3.TheAnglo-Saxon盎格鲁撒克逊Period(A.D.449---1066)---WhentheWesternRomanEmpiregrewtooweaktomaintainsubstantialarmytoguardtheBritishIslestheVikings北欧海盗---piratesfromNorthernEurope---cametoplunder.Buttheyhadnointentiontosettledownhere.By449A.D.theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutesfromtoday'
sDenmarkcametosettleontheBritishIsles,drivingtheBritonsawayintomountainousareas.AmongthethreetribestheAngleswerethestrongestandthemostnumerous.FromthisnamewerederivedsuchwordsasAnglicize,Anglo-,England,English(theletters“A”and“E”werelaterconfused)etc.OriginallytheAnglo-Saxonswerepaganpeoples.
1.1.4.In597SaintAugustineofRomeledhismissionariestocometopreachinEnglandandwithin100yearsthewholeBritishIslesbecameaChristiannation.
1.1.5.TheNormanConquest(1066—1485)---In1066Williamtheconqueror,DukeofNormandy诺曼底,anindependentdukedom,defeatedHaroldII,thelastSaxonKing,atHastings,atowninsouthernEngland.VerysoontheNormansconqueredEngland.WhiletheNormanswererulersofthiscountry,thecoreofthepopulationwerestilltheAnglo-Saxons.Althoughboththerulersandtheruledsharedthesamereligion,threelanguageswereusedsimultaneously:
thecommonpeople---English(dialect)
thenoblerulers---French
peopleinthechurchesandschools---Latin
Notuntilthe15thcenturywhenHenryIV(1399-1413)usedEnglishashisnativelanguagedidtheEnglishnoblesandcommonssharedasinglelanguage.TodaymostoftheBritishpeoplearedescendantsoftheAnglo-SaxonswhiletheroyalfamilystillcontinuesitsFrenchlineageandalargenumberofsynonymsinthemodernEnglishvocabularyconsistofwordsofLatinandFrenchorigins.
1.1.6.TheOneHundredYearsWar百年大战(1337-1453)---In1337theEnglishKingEdwardIIIwhoownedmostoftheterritoriesofFrancewantedtobetheFrenchking.FranceanditsallyScotlandfoughtagainsttheEnglishwhoatfirstwonmanyvictoriesbutlaterweredefeatedbytheFrench.AttheendofthewarEnglandlostallherFrenchterritoryexceptCalais.OfShakespeare'
s10historyplayssevenareaboutorrelatedtothiswar.DuringthewarJoanofArc圣女贞德wasaheroineontheFrenchside.ShewasarrestedbytheEnglisharmy,chargedwithwitchcraftandburntin1431bytheRomanCatholicChurch.About500yearslaterin1920shewascanonized被追认为圣徒.Shakespeare'
shistoryplayIHenryVIdescribesherasawitch.HoweverG.B.ShawwroteaboutherasasaintintheplaySaintJoan(1924).MarkTwainwroteafictionalbiographyofherasaheroineinPersonalRecollectionsofJoanofArc(1896).
1.1.7.TheWarsoftheRoses玫瑰战争(1455-1485)betweenthehouseofLancaster(redrose)andthehouseofYork(whiterose)---In1399theEnglishkingRichardIIdiedwithoutanheir.ThethronewasusurpedbythehouseofLancasterandofYorkalternately.OnlytwoyearsaftertheendoftheOneHundredYears'
War,theirconflictbrokeintoopenwarswhichlasted30years.Finallyin1485HenryVIIkilledtheYorkistkingRichardIII.Bringingthewartoanend,hefoundedanewdynastyknowninhistoryastheTudorDynasty.OneofShakespeare'
shistoryplaysRichardIIIisconcernedwiththiswar.
1.2.AnOverviewofLiteratureinthisPeriod
1.2.1.ThereisnoextantliteratureoftheBritonsexceptforlegends,suchasTheHistoryofBritishKings(publishedin1136inLatin)byGeoffreyofMonmouth(d.1154)whichrecordsallBritishkingsfromBrut,greatgrandsonofAeneas,theTrojanheroandfounderofRome,whofirstcametofoundthecityofLondon(NewTroy),throughKingLear,KingArthurandhis12roundtableknights,downtoCadwallader(d.AD689),thelastkingoftheBritons.AmongotherlegendsofKingArthurthemostfamousareSirGawainandtheGreenKnightbyananonymousauthorofthe14thcenturyandTheDeathofKingArthurbyThomasMaloryofthe15thcentury.
1.2.2.TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughtanepicpoemBeowulffromtheiroldhomeinNorthernEurope,whichwaspasseddownorallyintotheeighthcenturywhenitentereditswrittenforminoldEnglish.In731theVenerableBede(672-735)completedhisEcclesiasticalHistoryofEngland英国宗教史inLatin,forwhichhehasbeenregardedasfatherof
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