外文翻译中小企业技术与全球化Word文件下载.docx
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外文翻译中小企业技术与全球化Word文件下载.docx
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外文文献翻译
(2013届)
译文一:
中小企业,技术与全球化1
译文二:
中小企业,技术与全球化2
学生姓名
学号
院系
SmallandMedium-SizedEnterprises,Technology,andGlobalization:
IntroductiontoaSpecialIssueonSmallandMedium-Sized
ZoltanJ.Acs
EnterprisesintheGlobalEconomy
LeePreston
Abstract.ThispaperisanintroductiontothespecialissueonSmallandMedium-SizedEnterprisesintheGlobalEconomy.Thepapergivesabroadoutlineofglobalization,theroleoftechnology,andexaminestherolethatsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesplayintheglobaleconomy.Wefocusonforeigndirectinvestmentofsmalltechnologybasedfirmsandhowtheirinnovationsdiffuseintotheglobaleconomy
Thereislittlequestionthateconomicactivityofalltypesismovinginthedirectionofglobalization.Asweapproachthe21stcentury,aworldwidesystemofproductionanddistributionisevolving,inmuchthesamewayasnationalmarketsevolvedfromlocalandregionalnetworks
duringthe19thcentury(Chandler,1990).Innearlyeveryeconomicallyactivecountryoftheworld,theimportanceofinternationaltradeandforeigndirectinvestment(FDI)haverisensignificantlyoverthelastdecade.ThegrowthofFDIhasbeenparticularlydramatic,increasingmorerapidlythaneitherworldproductionorworldtrade.Asaresult,bothinboundandoutboundFDIstockshaveincreasedrelativetototalinvestmentandgrossdomesticproductinnearlyeverycountry(Dunning,1995).
Globalizationreferstotheweboflinkagesandinterconnectionsbetweenstates,societies,andorganizationsthatmakeupthepresentworldeconomicsystem.Globalizationcreatesnewstructuresandnewrelationships,withtheresultthatbusinessdecisionsandactionsinonepartoftheworldhavesignificantconsequencesinotherplaces.Underlyingandreinforcingtheseglobalizationtrendsistherapidlychangingtechnologicalenvironment,particularlyinbiotechnology,informationprocessing,andtelecommunications.Changesintelecommunicationsanddataprocessingcapabilitiesmakeitpossibletocoordinateresearch,marketingandproductionoperationaroundtheworld.Almostinstantaneouscommunicationsmakesitpossibletotradefinancialinstrumentstwenty-fourhoursaday:
andthusmorereturn-sensitivearelocationofresourceswithinfirms,industriesandcountries.
Thegrowthofglobalmarketsstimulatescompetitionandforcesgovernmentstoadoptmarket-orientedpolicies,bothdomesticallyandinternationally.Moderntechnologieshavegreatly
reducedthecostofinformationandthecapabilitiestoparticipateintheglobaleconomy(Dunning,
1993).Countriesmustjointheclub.Policiesthataimtoexcludeglobalparticipationviatradeandinvestmentbarrierscanbeeasilycircumvented,andtheykeepnohostagesbutdeprivethecountriesofglobalprosperity.
Alongwiththeglobalizationtrend,contemporarytechnicaladvancesaredemandingamuchclosersynthesisandmoreintegrativelearningbetweeninnovativeandproductionactivities.Thepressuresofglobalcompetitionforceproducerstocontinuallyinnovate,andtoupgradethequalityofexistingproducts.Yet,atthesametime,manyfirmscannolongeracquireoraffordallthetechnologicalandhumanresourcesthattheyneed.Increasingly,theyforminterdependentandflexiblerelationshipswithotherfirms–includingsuppliersandcompetingfirms–tofullycapitalizeontheircorecompetencies(GomesCasseres,1996).Interdependencecallsforacapacityonthepartoffirms,individuals,andgovernmentstointeractwithspeed,flexibilityandcreativitytotheactionsofotheragents(delaMotheandPaquet,1996)
Inthisnewenvironmentknowledgeandintellectuallaborarebeingmobilizedonamore
collaborativebasis.Firmsmustdevelophumanresourcestrategiesbasedonsynthesiswitheducationalinstitutions.Theymustlocatedesignandproductionfacilitiesinmetropolitanareasthatallowpartnershipswithsuppliersandeducationalinstitutions,andinplacesservedbygovernmentscommittedtobusiness-friendlypolicies.Themainformofeconomicorganizationinintermediaryproductmarketsisincreasinglyanetworkofinterfirmcooperativearrangements,ratherthanthelargehierarchicalfirm(Reich,1992).
Advancementintechnologiesandmanagementskillshaveblurredfirmboundaries.Before1980mostFDIwasofthe“standalone”variety.EachMultinationalEnterprise(MNE)wouldexploititsownhome-basedcompetitiveadvantagesandcoordinaterelatedintra-firmactivitiesacrossnationalboundariesthroughinternalmechanisms.Morerecently,however,MNEsareexpandingtheirterritorialandfunctionalhorizonsbyacquiring,orgainingaccessto,newresourcesandcapabilities.Thecriticalfeatureofstrategicasset-seekingFDI,asopposedtomarket-seekingFDI,isthatparticipatingfirmsrecognizethattheirstand-aloneresourcesandcapab
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- 关 键 词:
- 外文 翻译 中小企业 技术 全球化