英国文学常识及笔记English literatureWord文档下载推荐.docx

英国文学常识及笔记English literatureWord文档下载推荐.docx

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Anovelisahighlystrainedproseaccountoffictionalrealityintheformofstorywithprofundityforthepurposeofchangingthereader’smindbytheaidofthereader’sactiveinvolvementwhileprovidingentertainmentandsupertruthoflife.

Elementsofthenovel:

Plot,aplotisaplanorgroundworkforastory,casedonconflictinghumanmotivation,withtheactionsresultingfrombelievableandrealistichumanresponse.Itisresponse,interaction,opposition,andcausationthatmakeaplotoutofasimpleseriesofaction.

（internalconflictandexternalconflict）

（exposition,complication,climaxorcrisis,fallingaction,andresolution）

Characters:

thetermcharacterappliestoanyindividualinaliterarywork.Forthepurposeofanalysis,charactersinfictionarecustomarilydescribedbytheirrelationshiptoplot,bythedegreeofdevelopmenttheyaregivenbytheauthor,andbywhetherornottheyundergosignificantcharacterchange.（protagonistandantagonist,flatandroundcharacters,dynamicandstaticcharacters）

Setting:

thestageagainstwhichthestoryunfoldswecallthesetting.Initsnarrowestsense,settingisteplaceandtimeofthenarration,buteventuallyitencompassesthetotalenvironmentofthework.Setting,therefore,initsbroadestsense,encompassesthephysicallocalethatframestheaction,thetimeofdayoryear,theclimaticcondition,andthehistoricalperiodduringwhichtheactiontakesplace.

Pointofview:

Astorymusthaveastoryteller:

anarrativevoice,realorimplied,thatpresentsthestorytothereader.Whenwetalkabounarrativevoice,wearetalkingaboutpointofview,themethodofnarrationthatdeterminestheposition,orangleofvision,fromwhichthestoryistold.

（first,second,third,andmingling）

Theme:

thethemeisthecentalideaorstatementaboutlifethataunifiesandcontrolsthetotalwork.Themeisnottheissue,ortheproblem,orsubjectwithwhichtheworkdeals,butratherthecommentorstatemnettheauthormakesabouttheissue,problem,orsubject.

Style:

thestyleisunsterstoodtomeanthewayinwhichwritersassemblewordstotellthestory,developtheargument,dramatizetheplay,orcomposethepoem.Oftenthedefinitionisextendedtodistinguuishstylefromcontent.

Tone:

tonereferstothemethodsbywhichwritersconveyattitudes,althoughthediscussionoftonesometimesontheattitudesthemselves.

Symbolism:

asymbolissomethingthatstandsforsomethingelsebyreasonofrelationship,association,convention,oraccidentalresemblance…avisiblesignofsomethinginvisible.Inliterature,symbols---intheformofwords,images,objects,settings,events,andcharacters---areoftenuseddeliberatelytosuggestandreinforcemeaning,toprovideenrichementbyenlargingandclarifyingtheexperienceorwork,andtohelptoorganizeandunifythewhole.

III.ShortStory:

ashortstoryisabriefworkofprosefiction.

IV.Poetry:

Poetryisanoldestformofart,andisreputedasthemostdemocraticart.Poetryasagenremustbeaparticularformcombinedwithaparticularquality.Thewordpoetrybringstoourmindapictureofwordsspecialarrangements.Inapoem,thesentencesareseldomplacedoneafteranotherinthesameline.Thereadershavetoactually“readbetweentheline”.Poetryuseslanguageandituseslanguageinadifferentmanner.Therefore,poetryisaliterarygenrethatcommunicatesexperienceinthemostcondensedform.

Kinds:

ballad;

lyric;

narrativepoem;

epic;

sonnet;

ode;

elegy;

pastoral;

blankverse;

freeverse

Elements:

rhyme;

metricalrhythm;

foot;

tone;

image;

theme

Devices:

simile;

metaphor;

conceit;

personification;

symbol;

paradox;

ambiguity;

onomatopoeia）

Sonnet:

Asonnetisalyricinvariablyoffourteenlines,usuallyiniambicpentameter,restrictedtoadefinitescheme.

Shakespeareansonnet:

itsistructuredofthreequatrainsandaterminalcoupletiniambicpentameterwiththerhymepatternababcdcdefefgg.

Petrachansonnet:

thisformcontainsanoctavewiththerhymepatternabbaabbaandasestetofvariousrhymepatternssuchascdecdeorcdcdcd.

Spenseriansonnet:

aSpenseriansonnetcomprisesthreequatrainsandacoupletiniambicpentameterwiththerhymeschemeababbcbccdcdee.

SirThomasWyattiscreditedwithintroducingthesonnetintoEn