城市经济学奥沙利文Chap012PPT文档格式.ppt
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城市经济学奥沙利文Chap012PPT文档格式.ppt
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White=43%;
Black=12%Mathproficiency:
White=51%;
Black=14%12-312-412-512-6Productionfunction:
Achievement=f(H,P,C,E,T)H(home):
rulesforhomework;
motivation;
instructionalmaterialP(classroompeer):
boostedbysmart&
motivatedpeersSweden:
increaseP(50thto84thpct)increasesA(50thto54thpct)Tradeoffswithpeereffect:
SortingversusMixingLowachieverbenefitsatcostofhighachieverMixedevidence:
Gainsoflowvs.lossofhigh12-7DifferencesinTeacherProductivityInnercity:
Gapbetweenhigh-quality&
low-qualityteacher=1gradelevelTeacherswap:
Replaceaverageteacher(50thpct)withsuperiorteacher(84thpct)Averagestudentmovesfrom50thto58thstudentpercentileEarnings(58th)-earnings(50th)=$21,311For20-studentclass,valueofsuperiorteacher=$426,00012-8CharacteristicsofProductiveTeachersListofproductivitycharacteristicsiselusiveEducationlevel:
noevidencethatgraduatecourseworkincreasesproductivityExperienceincreasesproductivityforfirstfewyearsVerbalskillsincreaseproductivity12-9EffectsofClassSizeAchievementincreasesasclasssizedecreasesFigure12-1:
EfficientnumberofteachersMarginalbenefitcurvenegativelysloped:
diminishingreturnsMarginalcostcurvehorizontalatteacherwageEfficiency:
MB=MCEvidenceMB(earnings)closetoMC12-1012-11TeacherCompensation:
ExperiencepremiumpuzzleTeachercompensationincreasesbyroughly$1,000peryearProductivitydoesntincreasewithexperienceafter3years20-yearteacherearns1.44timesasmuchasa3-yearteacherFigure12-2:
Efficientlevelofexperiencedecreasespendinginequality12-23MatchingGrants:
GuaranteedTaxBaseMatchinggrantincreaseswithamountoflocalrevenueMatchrate=0.25=$0.80oflocalrevenuegenerates$0.20grantLocalcostperdollarofspending=1/(1+m)=1/1.25=$0.80Matching&
non-matchinggrantshaveincomeeffectMatchinggrantalsohassubstitutioneffect:
loweropportunitycostoflocalspendingcausessubstitutioninfavorofgrant-supportedgood12-24GuaranteedTaxBase(GTB)Grant=Localtaxrate(Guaranteedtaxbaseperpupil-Localtaxbaseperpupil)ExampleGuaranteedbase=$250,000;
Localbase=$200,000Taxrate=0.02=Grant=$1,000;
Localrevenue=$4,000,foratotalof$5,000Taxrate=0.025=Grant=$1,250;
Localrevenue=$5,000,foratotalof$6,25012-2512-26EffectsofEqualizationPlansStatesrespondingtocourtordersDecreaseinspendinginequalitiesfromlevelingupForlow-spendingdistricts,spendingincreasedby27%Formediumspendingdistricts,spendingincreasedby15%Forhighspendingdistricts,spendingunchangedStatesnotrespondingtocourtorders:
Nosignificantchange12-27Michigan:
CompleteControlofK-12FinanceReformincreasedspendinginruraldistrictsdecreasedspendinginpoorurbanareas&
richsuburbanareasReformincreasedachievementwherespendingincreasedsmallerclasssizehigherteachsalariesandproductivity12-28CentralcitiesandequalizationplansUrbanschools:
largenumberoflow-incomestudentsHighercostforsecurity,family/healthcrisesWeakacademicpreparation,limitedEnglishskillsEqualizationprograms:
relativelysmallincreaseinfundingordecreaseinfunding12-29EducationinCentralCitiesRelativelylowachievementfromunfavorablehomeenvironmentandpeersPolicy:
ImprovequalityofteachersPolicy:
DecreaseclasssizePolicy:
Improvelearningenvironment?
12-30
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- 城市 经济学 奥沙利文 Chap012
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