托福口语Task 4练习题文档格式.docx
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托福口语Task 4练习题文档格式.docx
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Logicalconsequence
Agoodargumentisonewhoseconclusionsfollowfromitspremises;
itsconclusionsareconsequencesofitspremises.Butinwhatsensedoconclusionsfollowfrompremises?
Whatisitforaconclusiontobeaconsequenceofpremises?
Thosequestions,inmanyrespects,areattheheartoflogic.Logicalconsequenceisafundamentalconceptinlogic.Itistherelationshipbetweenthepremisesandtheconclusionofavalidargument.Thatistosay,inorderforakidtocorrecthisinappropriatebehavior,theadulthastoconnectitdirectlytothepunishmentgiventothekid
Ok,wehavenowunderstoodtheconceptoflogicalconsequence.I’dliketosharewithyouanexperienceaboutitofmyown.SomeofyouprobablyknowthatItaughtkidspaintingbefore.TherewasonekidcalledMary,whowasverytalentedinpainting,perhapsthecleverestkidinmyclass.However,shehadaverybadhabit:
shelikedtopaintonthedesk.Ibetyouallhavebeentoprimaryschoolandknewthatpaintingondeskswasstrictlyforbidden.SoIpunishedhertostayinsidetheroomwhiletheotherkidswereplayingoutside.Unfortunately,Marytotallyignoredmeandcarriedonwithherartworkonthedesk.Eventually,Itoldherthatifshepaintedonthedeskagain,Iwouldn’tallowhertopaintonpaperanymore,sheimmediatelyunderstoodtheconsequence.Ihopeyouallcanseetheconnectionhere.
Explainhowthelecturer’sexampledemonstratedlogicalconsequence.
2.Task4
Theeternalruleofthenature“survivalofthefittest”appliesnotonlytoanimals,butalsotoplants.Parasiticplantsarenotanexception.Theysurviveinrainforestbytwoadaptations.Thefirstadaptationisthatsomeofthemuseothertreestogetsunlight.Inordertoachievethispurpose,certainspeciesofparasiteplantclimbontotalltrees.Thesecondadaptionisthatsomeofthemhaveevolvedmanyuniqueshapesofleaves.Withthoseleaves,theplantsmayreceivenutrients,waterandevendeadinsectseasilyfromtheexternalenvironment.
Takeaparasiticplantcalledurnplantforinstance,itsmassivecanopywillblockallthesunlight,therebyabsorbingtheenergyfromthesunbyitself.Insteadofgrowingwithitsrootsontheground,itcanclimbontopofothergigantictreestotakeadvantageofthecanopypositionwhereitcanoperatethephotosynthesis.Itutilizesothertallplants'
trunktosupportitselftogettothetopoftheforest.However,wheredoesit'
swaterandnutritioncomefromthenonceitclimbstothatheight?
Thisisthetimewhenitsuniqueshapedleavescomeintoplay.Theseleaves
canoverlapwitheachothertoformaconeshapebowl,whichtheamplerainwatercanbecollectedandflowstoitswaterstoreroom.Moreover,thebodyofinsectswillalsoslipintothebottomofthewaterroom,wheretheyareresolvedintoliquidfertilizer,combinedwiththewaterflow.
HowdoestheexampleofurnplantdemonstratetheAdaptationstrategiesofparasiteplants?
3.Task4
Overconfidenceeffect
Theoverconfidenceeffectisawell-establishedbiasinwhichsomeone'
ssubjectiveconfidenceintheirjudgmentsisreliablygreaterthantheirobjectiveaccuracy,especiallywhenconfidenceisrelativelyhigh.Accordingtoaformerresearch,whenpeopleare100%percentcertainoftheiranswertoaquestion,theyarewrong20%ofthetime.Individualswhoareoverly-confidenttendtohaveunreasonablyhighexpectationsforthemselves.Iftheresultturnsouttobeunsatisfactory,theoverconfidentindividualwillfeelmoreupsetthananormalperson.Overconfidentpeoplealsotendtocollectinformationthatareconsistentwithhisbeliefandneglectthosethatarenot.
Ok,so,justnowwetalkedaboutoverconfidenceeffect.Thisisacommonlyusedtheoryinourdailylife.Takemysonforexample,heoftenhadveryhighexpectationofhimself,especiallyforthecareerpath.So,whenhegraduatedfromtheuniversity,hereallywantedtoworkforanexcellentnewspaperoffice.But,youknow,thatwasaveryprestigiousone,soeveryyeartherewerehundredsofcandidateswhoappliedforit.Andifonewantedtobecomeamemberofthatorganization,hemighthaveoutstandingacademicperformanceandtheprofessor’srecommendationletter.Mysonalwaysworkedveryhardbutfinallyhestillcouldn’tgetthejob.So,hewasverydisappointedaboutthat.However,luckily,duetohiseffortandexcellentgrades,hefoundanotherfantasticjobsoonafterthat.
Explainhowtheexampleofthelecturer’ssondemonstratestheoverconfidenteffect.
4.Task4
Lateralthinking
Whilepeoplethinkaboutaproblem,differenttypesofthinkingmayleadtodistinctresults.Certainmethodofthinkingmayhelpsolveacertainproblemfasterthantheotheronedoes.Thereisonethinkingtypecalledlateralthinking.Itisamethodofsolvingproblemsbyusingyour
imaginationtoh
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