改善旅游业发展的积极关键成功因素外文翻译Word文档格式.docx

改善旅游业发展的积极关键成功因素外文翻译Word文档格式.docx

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RhodriThomasandJonathanLong

ABSTRACT

Foravarietyofreasonsanincreasingnumberoflocalauthoritiesandotheragencieshaveturnedtotourismasameansofeconomicdevelopment.Todate,however,thelevelofactivityamongpolicymakershasnotbeenmatchedbyresearchthatmightinformtheirdeliberations.Althoughtheimportanceofdemand-relatedissues-suchasthepromotionofparticulardestinations-isrecognised,thispapersht/Isthefocustotheneglectedissueofsectorsupply.Itarguesthatiftourismistocontributetoeconomicdevelopmentthatissustainable,private-andpublic-sectorfacilities（suchasattractionsorhotels）mustbenationally-andofteninternationally-competitive.Thepaperproposesamodelforunderstandingthecompetitivenessofotganisationsinthesectorandreportsthefindingsofitsapplicationinacasestudyofeastandsouth-eastLondon.

INTRODUCTION

LocalauthoritiesandotheragenciesintheUKhaveturnedincreasinglytotourismasameansofgeneratingincomeandcreatingemployment（CharltonandEssex,1996）.Suchactivityisnotnewnorthesolepreserveofobvioustouristdestinations（BuckleyandWin,1985;

1989;

LongandWalke,1990）.Indeed,itisinterestingthatbetween1994and1996,12ofthe13areasoftheUKeligibleforObjective2funding（definedthenasregionsofindustrialdecline）includedaspectsoftourismdevelopmentintheirregenerationstrategies（Thomas,1996）.

Yettherehasbeenrelativelylittleresearchintotheefficacyofpromotingtourismasaformofeconomicdevelopmentorregeneration,Thus,somecommentatorsarguethattherehasbeena“somewhatuncriticalbandwagonofinterest”（HudsonandTownsend,1993,50）intourismdevelopmentandthatlocalauthoritieshavetakendecisionswithoutadequateinformationonitsprobableeconomicoremploymentimpacts.Further,concernhasbeenexpressedaboutthequalityofthejobscreated,withmajoreffectsseenasthegenerationof¡

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peripheral”employment（Williams,1997）orgreaterinformaleconomicactivity（ThomasandThomas1994;

WilliamsandThomas,1996）.Others,suchasShawandWilliams（1998）,havepointedtothedangersofeconomicsbecomingtoodependentupontourism,giventheoftenunpredictablenatureofdemand.

Inspiteoftheseconcerns,manyoftheseareasmaybeabletoidentifyfewalternativegrowthpathsandthereissufficientevidencetodemonstratethattourismdoesofferpotentiallysignificantlocaleconomicbenefits.However,itisimportanttoremainalerttohowthesemayvary,interalia,accordingtothestructuresofparticularlocaleconomies（DuffieldandLong,1984）andtheformsofpolicyinterventionsadopted（Shawetal,1998;

Law,1992;

Andrew,1997;

WilliamsandShaw,1998）.BallandStobart（1998,344）highlightvariouspositiveaspectsoftourismdevelopmentasfollows:

“tourismenhancestheimageofanarea...tourismfacilitieshaveimportantspin-offsforlocalpopulationsintheformofretailandleisurefacilitiesanddemandsforlocalbusinesses...tourismmayhelptodiversifyanoverspecialisedmanufacturingeconomy...thereareonlylimitedalternativeareasofperceivedguaranteedgrowth...”

Muchoftheliteraturethatexplorestourismdevelopmentemphasisesthreeissues.Firstamongtheseistheimportanceofimageandthepromotionofdestinations（seeforexampleBramwellandRawding,1996;

Jenkins,1999）.Asisoftenargued,apreconditionforincreasingthenumberofbusinessorleisurevisitorstoanareaisthattheappealingfeaturesofthatlocationarecommunicatedeffectively.Inthecontextofurbanregeneration,thishastakenavarietyofformsincludingattemptstocreatebrandsofcitiesbytheuseofappealingslogans（Page,1995;

ShawandWilliams,1994）.Inotherwords,thereisatwo-wayprocesshere;

notonlyisimagevitalinattractingvisitors,buttourismcanhelptochangepeople¡

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simageandenhanceanarea.

Thesecondissuethatreceivesprominentattentionfromcommentatorsistheinvestmentinnewattractionsortheupgradingofexistingones（Law,1992;

Long,1994）.Thisislikelytorequirelocalauthoritiesorotheragenciestoactasenablers.Sucharoleinvolvesengagingwithavarietyofpublic-andprivate-sectoragenciesasadvocates,brokersorpartnerswithaviewtoachievingstrategicobjectivesrelatingtotourism（Oatley,1996;

Meethan,1997;

ThomasandThomas,1998）.

Thethirdmajorstrandoftheliteraturerelatestotheneedforadequateinfrastructuretosupportandsustaintourismdevelopment.Thiswouldincludetransportprovision,carparking,informationandsignposting,aswellasconcernfortheenvironmentalsustainabilityoftouristactivity（Page,1995;

Bramwelletat1996）.CompetItivenessThispapershiftsthefocusfromthecreation