传染病学英文题目及答案Word格式文档下载.docx
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传染病学英文题目及答案Word格式文档下载.docx
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1〕Overtinfection
Itindicatesthatafterthemicroorganismentersthehost,itnotonlyinducestheimmuneresponsesofthehostbutalsoproduceshisomorphologicaldamageandpathologicalchangesthroughtheroleofthemicroorganismortheallergicreactionofthehost.Inmostinfectiousdiseasesuchasmeaslesmostinfectedhostmanifestedasovertinfection.Afterovertinfectionendsthemicroorganismcanbeeliminatedandthehostsacquittedconsolidatedimmunity.Insomeinfectiousdiseases(suchasbacillarydysentery)theimmunityistemporary.Asmallamountofovertlyinfectedhostschangetocarrierstate.Itiscalled"
convalescentcarrier〞.
2〕Incubationperiod
Thisperiodisfrompathogensinvadingintohumanbodytoclinicalsymptomsappearing.Theincubationperiodofallinfectiousdiseaseshasalimitofthetime(theshortestandlongest)andanormaldistribution.Itisanimportantevidenceofobserving,detectingthecontactinquarantinework.Itisusuallyequaltothewholeperiodincludingthepathogenreproduction,transference,location,tissuedamageandfunctionchangesbeforetheclinicalsymptomstooccur.Theperiodlengthisnegativerelationwiththeinvadingquantityofthepathogens.Ifthepathophysiologicchangesarecausedbytoxins,theincubationperiodrelateswiththetimeofthetoxinsproductionanddistribution,e.g.bacterialfoodpoisoning.Thetoxinshavebeenproducedbeforeeating.Theperiodcanbeshorttoafewhours.Theperiodofrabiesdeterminestothelocationofvirusentry(wound).Ithasapositiverelationwiththedistanceofthewoundtothecentralnervoussystem.
3〕Latentinfection
Whenthemicroorganisminfectedthehostandlocalizedinsomeareaofthehost,itcanlatentlyforalongtimebecausethehostsimmunityisstrongenoughtolocatethepathogenbutcanwipesitout.Whenthehostsimmunitydecreased,overtinfectioncanoccurs.Suchlatentinfectionismoninsomediseases,e.g.herpessimplex,herpeszoster,malaria,tuberculosisetc.Generallythemicroorganismcannotbeexcretedduringlatentinfection,whichisadifferentpointfromcarrierstate.Notthateveryinfectiousdiseaseshaslatentinfection.
4〕Sourcesofinfection
Themicroorganismsareabletogaintoaccesstothepersonoranimal,establishitselfandproliferateinvivoandexcretepathogenoutsidethebody,suchaspatients,thepersonofcovertinfection,pathogencarriersandinfectedanimals.
5〕Relapse
Afterthepatienthasenteredconvalescentperiod,thetemperaturehasrecoveredtonormalforaperiodoftime,thenthepathogenhiddeninsometissuereproducetoacertaindegreeandmaketheprimarysymptomsrepeatedly,itiscalled"
relapse〞.
6〕Recrudescence
Intheconvalescentperiodofsomepatients,thetemperaturehasnotstablydecreasedtonormalandthefeverriseagain,itiscalled"
recrudescence〞.
7〕Zoonoses
Somenaturalecologicenvironmentissuitabletothetransmissionofinfectiousdiseasesamongwildanimals.Thesediseasesincludeplaguetsutsugamushidisease,leptospirosis,andsoon.Thehumanracemaybeinfectedwhenhegetintotheseareas.Thesediseasesarecalled"
zoonoses〞.
II.QUESTIONS
1〕Pleasebrieflydescribethemanifestationsofinfectiousdiseases(infectionspectrum).
Infectiousprocessstartswhenmicroorganismsenterthehumanhostthroughvariousways.Whetherthemicroorganismiseliminatedorcolonizedinthehost,itismainlydependentonthepathogenicityofthepathogenandtheimmunefunctionofthehost.
i.Pathogeniseliminatedbyhostimmunity:
Afterthemicroorganismentersthehostitcanbewipedoutbynon-specificimmunity,anderadicatedoreliminatedbyspecificimmunitywhichthehosthasgotbeforetheinfectiousprocess.
ii.Covertinfection:
Itreferstothatthemicroorganismonlymakingthehostproducingspecificimmuneresponsenothavinghistomorphologicaldamageorevenhavingmildfeatureafteritentersthehost.Clinically,thereisnoanysymptomsandsignsoranybiochemicalchanges.
iii.Overtinfection:
Itindicatesthatafterthemicroorganismentersthehost,itnotonlyinducestheimmuneresponsesofthehostbutalsoproduceshisomorphologicaldamageandpathologicalchangesthroughtheroleofthemicroorganismortheallergicreactionofthehost.
iv.Carrierstates:
Itisdividedintoviruscarrierandbacteriacarrieraccordingtodifferentpathogens.Allcarrierstateshaveamoncharacteristicthatisnoclinicalmanifestationbutthemicroorganismcanbeexcretedduringthestate.
v.Latentinfection:
Whenthemicroorganisminfectedthehostandlocalizedinsomeareaofthehost,itcanlatentlyforalongtimebecausethehostsimmunityisstrongenoughtolocatethepathogenbutcannotwipeitout.Whenthehostsimmunitydecrease,overtinfectioncanoccurs.
2〕Pleasebriefly
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