胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结.docx
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胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结.docx
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胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结
胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结
Definethefollowingterms:
1.designfeature:
arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,
creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.
2.function:
theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,tothink,etc.Languagefunctionsinclude
imformativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,interpersonalfunction,
performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingual
function.
3.etic:
atermincontrastwithemicwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike'sdistinctionof
phoneticsandphonemics.Beingeticmansmakingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviously
inconsequential,differentiations,justaswasofterthecasewithphoneticvx.phonemicanalysisin
linguisticsproper.
4.emic:
atermincontrastwitheticwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike'sdistinctionof
phoneticsandphonemics.Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedas
meaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunithratherthanviaqppeal
totheinvestigator'singenuithorintuitionalone.
5.synchronic:
akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,the
present),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.
6.diachronic:
studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.
7.prescriptive:
thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.
8.prescriptive:
akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.laying
downrulesforlanguageuse.
9.descriptive:
akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.
10.arbitrariness:
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsof
linguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.
11.duality:
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevels
ofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciples
oforganization.
12.displacement:
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheir
userstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthe
momentofcommunication.
13.phaticcommunion:
onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionof
language.
14.metalanguage:
certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionof
particularstudies.
15.macrolinguistics:
heinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuch
aspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.Branchesof
macrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,etc
16.competence:
languageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.
17.performance:
theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.
18.langue:
thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.
19.parole:
theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).
20.Articulatoryphonetics:
thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.
21Coarticulation:
akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulations
areinvolved..Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverative
coarticulation.
22.Voicing:
pronouncingasound(usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant)byvibratingthevocal
cords.
23.Broadandnarrowtranscription:
theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalled
broadtranscription;theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;
while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrow
transcription.
24.Consonant:
aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsome
placetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.
25.Phoneme:
theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.
26.Allophone:
anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme(eg.
When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated phoneme/t/. 27.Vowl: aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotal stoppingoftheaircanbeperceived. 28.Mannerofarticulation;intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstothe actualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertain partsofthevocaltract. 29.Placeofarticulation: intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthe vocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair. 30.Distinctivefeatures: atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhichdistinguisheso 如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
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