完整word版新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版word文档良心出品docxWord文件下载.docx
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完整word版新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版word文档良心出品docxWord文件下载.docx
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语言学考点:
语言学的定义,语言学中几组重要的区别,每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义;
普通语言
学的主要分支及各自研究范畴;
宏观语言及应用语言学的主要扥只及各自的研究范畴。
语言的考点:
语言的定义;
语言的识别特征(任意性,能产性,二重性,移位性,文化传递性);
1,Thedefinitionoflinguistics语言的定义:
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage(basedonthe
systematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetogeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure)
2.Thescopeoflinguistics语言学的范围
A:
micro-linguistics
Phonetics(语音学):
thestudyofthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.
Phonology(音系学):
thestudyofhowsoundsputtogetherandusedto
conveymeaningincommunication.(语音分布和排列的规则及音节的形式)
Morphology(形态学):
thestudyofthewayinwhichthesymbolsarearranged
andcombinedtoformwords.
Syntax(句法学):
thestudyofrulesinthecombinationofwordstoform
grammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguage.
Semantics(语义学):
thestudyofmeaning.
Pragmatics(语用学):
thestudyofthemeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.
B:
macro-linguistics
Sociolinguistics:
thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwith
thesocietyformthecoreofthebranch.
Psycholinguistics:
thestudyoflanguageanditsrelationwithpsychology.
Appliedlinguistics:
thestudyofapplicationoflanguagetothesolutionofpracticalproblems.Narrowlyitistheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.
3.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics语言学中的重要区分
A:
DescriptivevsPrescriptive描写式与规定式
Descriptive:
ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguage
peopleactuallyuse.
Prescriptive:
ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctand
standard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhatshouldtheysayandwhat
theyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobePrescriptive.
B:
SynchronicvsDiachronic共时性和历时性
Synchronic:
thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisa
synchronicstudy.
Diachronic:
thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa
diachronicstudy.
C:
Speechvswriting言语和文学
Thesearemajormediaofcommunication.
D:
Languevsparole语言与言语(Saussure索緖尔)
Langue:
referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbytheallthemembers
ofaspeechcommunity.
Parole:
referstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.
E:
Competencevsperformance语言能力和语言应用(Chomsky乔姆斯基)
Competence:
referstoauserunderlying’sknowledgeaboutthesystemofthe
rules.
Performance:
referstothe
actualuse
inconcretesituations.
乔姆斯基和索绪尔的区别:
索绪尔采用的是社会学的观点,他的语言观念是社会惯例性的。
乔姆斯基从心理学角度看待语言,对他而言,语言能力是每个个体的大脑特征。
TraditionalGrammarvsmodernlinguisticsSaussure的《CourseinGeneralLinguistics
传统语法与现代语言学
》标志着现代语言学的开端。
区别:
a:
语言学是descriptive,传统的语法是prescriptive.
b:
现代语言学认为口头语是基本的,而不是书面语。
c:
现代语言学并不强迫进入一个拉丁语为基础的框架。
4.Thedefinitionoflanguage语言的定义
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman
communication.
5.Thedesignfeaturesoflanguage语言的识别特征
Thedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagecanbecalleddesignfeatureswhich
distinguishitfromanimallanguagesystem.
A:
Arbitrariness任意性
Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds.
Productivity能产性
Itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignals
byitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberof
sentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.
C:
Duality二重性
Twolevels:
Atthelowerorthebasiclevelisastructureofsounds,whichare
meaninglessbythemselves.Athigherlevel,thesoundsoflanguagecanberegrouped
andregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning.
D:
Displacement移位性
Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,real
orimaingedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.
E:
Culturaltransmission文化传递
Languageisculturallytransmitted.
F:
Interchangeability互换性
6.Functionsoflanguage语言的功能
mainfunctions
(1)Descriptivefunction(描述):
referstoconveyfactualinformation,which
canbestatedordenied,andevenverified.
(2)Expressivefunction(表达):
referstoemotiveorattitudinalfunction,
conveyinformationaboutuser’sfeelings,preferences,prejudice,andvalues.
(3)Socialfunction(社会):
referstointerpersonalfunction,servesto
establishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.
Jakobson将语言功能划分六大类:
emotive,conative(意动),referential(指向),
poetic(娱乐),phaticcommunication(寒暄),andmatalinguistic(元语言).
B:
macrofunctions
(1)Ideational(概念):
Itistoorganize
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