william抄袭范文模板 10页Word格式.docx
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william抄袭范文模板 10页Word格式.docx
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论抄袭(英文)
APRIL201XATLANTIC
Inthewakeofrecentscandalssomedistinctionsareinorder
byRichardA.Posner
OnPlagiarism
Recentlytwopopularhistorianswerediscoveredtohaveliftedpassagesfromotherhistorians'
books.Theyidentifiedthesourcesinfootnotes,buttheyfailedtoplacequotationmarksaroundthepurloinedpassages.Bothhistorianswerequicklyburiedunderanavalancheofcriticism.Thescandalwillsoonbeforgotten,butitleavesinitswakethequestionsWhatis"
plagiarism"
?
andWhyisitreprobated?
Theseareimportantquestions.Thelabel"
plagiarist"
canruinawriter,destroyascholarlycareer,blastapolitician'
schancesforelection,andcausetheexpulsionofastudentfromacollegeoruniversity.Newcomputersearchprograms,thoughtheymayinthelongrundeterplagiarism,willintheshortrunleadtothediscoveryofmorecasesofit.
Wemustdistinguishinthefirstplacebetweenaplagiaristandacopyrightinfringer.Theyarebothcopycats,butthelatteristryingtoappropriaterevenuesgeneratedbypropertythatbelongstosomeoneelse—namely,theholderofthecopyrightontheworkthattheinfringerhascopied.Apiratededitionofacurrentbestsellerisagoodexampleofcopyrightinfringement.Thereisnocopyrightinfringement,however,ifthe"
stolen"
intellectualpropertyisinthepublicdomain(inwhichcaseitisnotpropertyatall),orifthepurposeisnotappropriationofthecopyrightholder'
srevenue.Thedoctrineof"
fairuse"
permitsbriefpassagesfromabooktobequotedinabookrevieworacriticalessay;
andtheparodistofacopyrightedworkispermittedtocopyasmuchofthatworkasisnecessarytoenablereaderstorecognizethenewworkasaparody.Awritermay,forthatmatter,quoteapassagefromanotherwriterjusttolivenupthenarrative;
buttodosowithoutquotationmarks—topassoffanotherwriter'
swritingasone'
sown—ismorelikefraudthanlikefairuse.
"
Plagiarism,"
inthebroadestsenseofthisambiguousterm,issimplyunacknowledgedcopying,whetherofcopyrightedoruncopyrightedwork.(Indeed,itmightbeofuncopyrightablework—forexample,ofanidea.)IfIreprintHamletundermyownname,Iamaplagiaristbutnotaninfringer.ShakespearehimselfwasaformidableplagiaristinthebroadsenseinwhichI'
musingtheword.ThefamousdescriptioninAntonyandCleopatraofCleopatraonherroyalbargeistakenalmostverbatimfromatranslationofPlutarch'
slifeofMarkAntony:
"
oneithersideofher,pretty,fairboysapparelledaspaintersdosetforththegodCupid,withlittlefansintheirhands,withwhichtheyfannedwinduponher"
becomes"
oneachsideher/Stoodprettydimpledboys,likesmilingCupids,/Withdivers-colour'
dfans,whosewinddidseem/Toglowthedelicatecheekswhichtheydidcool."
(NoticehowShakespeareimprovedupontheoriginal.)InTheWasteLand,T.S.Eliot"
stole"
thefamousopeningofShakespeare'
sbargepassage,"
Thebargeshesatin,likea
burnish'
dthrone,/Burn'
donthewater"
becoming"
TheChairshesatin,likeaburnishedthrone,/Glowedonthemarble."
MentionofShakespearebringstomindthatWestSideStoryisjustoneofthelinksinachainofplagiarismsthatbeganwithOvid'
sPyramusandThisbeandcontinuedwiththeforgottenArthurBrooke'
sTheTragicalHistoryofRomeusandJuliet,whichwasplunderedheavilybyShakespeare.MiltoninParadiseLostplagiarizedGenesis,asdidThomasManninJosephandHisBrothers.Examplesarenotlimitedtowriting.OnefrompaintingisEdouardManet,whoseworksfromthe1860s"
quote"
extensivelyfromRaphael,Titian,Velá
squez,Rembrandt,andothers,ofcoursewithoutexpressacknowledgment.
Iftheseareexamplesofplagiarism,thenwewantmoreplagiarism.Theyshowthatnotallunacknowledgedcopyingis"
inthepejorativesense.Althoughthereisnoformalacknowledgmentofcopyinginmyexamples,neitheristhereanylikelihoodofdeception.Andthecopierhasaddedvaluetotheoriginal—thisisnotslavishcopying.Plagiarismisalsoinnocentwhennovalueisattachedtooriginality;
sojudges,whotrytoconcealoriginalityandpretendthattheirdecisionsareforeordained,"
steal"
freelyfromoneanotherwithoutattributionoranyillwill.
Butallthatcanbesaidindefenseofawriterwho,merelytospiceuphiswork,incorporatespassagesfromanotherwriterwithoutacknowledgmentisthatthereadabilityofhisworkmightbeimpairedifhehadtointerruptafast-pacednarrativetoconfessthat"
apredecessorofmine,___,hassaidwhatIwanttosaynextbetterthanIcan,soratherthanparaphrasehim,Igiveyouthefollowingpassage,indentedandinquotationmarks,fromhisbook___."
Andnoteventhatmuchcanbesaidindefenseofthewriterwhoplag
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