《英语教学论》课程作业习题集Word文档下载推荐.doc
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《英语教学论》课程作业习题集Word文档下载推荐.doc
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1.Whatarethethreeviewsonlanguage?
1)Structuralviewonlanguage:
Thestructuralviewseeslanguageasalinguisticsystemmadeupofvarioussubsystems:
fromphonological,morphological,lexical,etc.tosentences.Eachlanguagehasafinitenumberofsuchstructuralitems.Tolearnalanguagemeanstolearnthesestructuralitemssoastobeabletounderstandandproducelanguage.Thisviewonlanguagelimitsknowingalanguagetoknowingitsstructuralrulesandvocabulary.
2)Functionalviewonlanguage:
Thefunctionalviewseeslanguageasalinguisticsystembutalsoasameansfordoingthings.Learnerslearnalanguageinordertobeabletodothingswithit.Toperformfunctions,learnersneedtoknowhowtocombinethegrammaticalrulesandthevocabularytoexpressnotionsthatperformthefunctions.Thisviewonlanguageaddstheneedtoknowhowtousetherulesandvocabularytodowhateveritisonewantstodo.
3)Interactionalviewonlanguage:
Theinteractionalviewconsiderslanguageasacommunicativetool,whosemainuseistobuildupandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.Therefore,learnersnotonlyneedtoknowthegrammarandvocabularyofthelanguagebutasimportantlytheyneedtoknowtherulesforusingtheminawholerangeofcommunicativecontexts.Thisviewonlanguagesaysthattoknowhowtodowhatonewantstodoinvolvesalsoknowingwhetheritisappropriatetodoso,andwhere,whenandhowitisappropriatetodoit.Inordertoknowthis,thelearnerhastostudythepatternsandrulesoflanguageabovethesentenceleveltolearnhowlanguageisusedindifferentspeechcontexts.
2.Whataretheviewsonlanguagelearning?
1)Behaviouristtheory:
ThebehavioristtheoryoflanguagelearningwasinitiatedbybehavioralpsychologistSkinner,whoappliedWatsonandRaynor’stheoryofconditioningtothewayhumansacquirelanguage(Harmer,1983)Thekeypointofthetheoryofconditioningisthat“youcantrainananimaltodoanythingifyoufollowacertainprocedurewhichhasthreemajorstages,stimulus,response,andreinforcement”(Harmer1983:
30)Basedonthetheoryofconditioning,Skinnersuggestedlanguageisalsoaformofbehavior.Itcanbelearnedthesamewayasananimalistrainedtorespondtostimuli.Thistheoryoflearningisreferredtoasbehaviorism.
2)Cognitivetheory:
Thetermcognitivismisoftenusedlooselytodescribemethodsinwhichstudentsareaskedtothinkratherthansimplyrepeat.ItseemstobelargelytheresultofNoamChomsky’sreactiontoSkinner’sbehavioristtheory,whichledtotherevivalofstructurallinguistics.AccordingtoChomsky,languageisnotaformofbehaviour,itisanintricaterule-basedsystemandalargepartoflanguageacquisitionisthelearningofthissystem.Thereareafinitenumberofgrammaticalrulesinthesystemandwithknowledgeoftheserulesaninfiniteofsentencescanbeproduced.Alanguagelearneracquireslanguagecompetence,whichenableshimtoproducelanguage.
3)Constructivisttheory
Theconstructivisttheorybelievesthatlearningisaprocessinwhichthelearnerconstructsmeaningbasedonhis/herownexperiencesandwhatheorshealreadyknows.Itisbelievedthateducationisusedtodevelopthemind,notjusttoroterecallwhatislearned.JohnDewey(杜威)believedthatteachingshouldbebuiltbasedonwhatlearnersalreadyknewandengagelearnersinlearningactivities.Teachersneedtodesignenvironmentsandinteractwithlearnerstofosterinventive,creative,criticallearners.Therefore,teachersmustbalanceanunderstandingofthehabits,characteristicsaswellaspersonalitiesofindividuallearnerswithanunderstandingofthemeansofarousinglearners’interestsandcuriosityforlearning.
4)Socio-constructivisttheory
Vygotsky(前苏联心理学家维果茨基,1978)emphasizesinteractionandengagementwiththetargetlanguageinasocialcontextbasedontheconceptof“ZoneofProximalDevelopment”(ZPD「可能发展区/最近发展区」)andscaffolding「鹰架/支架/脚手架」.Thatistosay,learningisbestachievedthroughthedynamicinteractionbetweentheteacherandthelearnerandbetweenlearners.Withtheteacher’sscaffoldingthroughquestionsandexplanations,orwithamorecapablepeers’support,thelearnercanmovetoahigherlevelofunderstandingandextendhis/herskillsandknowledgetothefullestpotential.
3.Whatarethequalitiesofagoodlanguageteacher?
ThemainelementsofagoodEnglishteacherareethicdevotion,professionalqualities,andpersonalstyles.(Thentrytoexplainthesethreeelementsrespectivelyaccordingtoyourownunderstanding)
Unit2CommunicativePrinciplesandTask-basedLanguageTeaching
1.Whatiscommunicativecompetence?
Hedge(2000:
46-55)discussesfivemaincomponentsofcommunicativecompetence:
linguisticcompetence,pragmaticcompetence
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