名人素材专项Word文档下载推荐.docx

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sdialogues,Socrateshasbecomerenownedforhiscontributiontothefieldofethics,anditisthisPlatonicSocrateswhoalsolendshisnametotheconceptsofSocraticironyandtheSocraticmethod,orelenchus.Thelatterremainsacommonlyusedtoolinawiderangeofdiscussions,andisatypeofpedagogyinwhichaseriesofquestionsareaskednotonlytodrawindividualanswers,butalsotoencouragefundamentalinsightintotheissueathand.ItisPlato'

sSocratesthatalsomadeimportantandlastingcontributionstothefieldsofepistemologyandlogic,andtheinfluenceofhisideasandapproachremainsstronginprovidingafoundationformuchwesternphilosophythatfollowed.Asonerecentcommentatorhasputit,Plato,theidealist,offers"

anidol,amasterfigure,forphilosophy.ASaint,aprophetofthe'

Sun-God'

ateacher,condemnedforhisteachingsasaheretic."

Yet,the'

real'

Socrates,likemanyoftheotherAncientphilosophers,remainsatbestenigmaticandatworstunknown.（历史伟人对后人的影响，老师对学生的影响，历史的真实性？

）

●Aristotle

Aristotle（384BC–322BC）wasaGreekphilosopher,astudentofPlatoandteacherofAlexandertheGreat.Hiswritingscovermanysubjects,includingphysics,metaphysics,poetry,theater,music,logic,rhetoric,politics,government,ethics,biology,andzoology.TogetherwithPlatoandSocrates（Plato'

steacher）,AristotleisoneofthemostimportantfoundingfiguresinWesternphilosophy.Aristotle'

swritingswerethefirsttocreateacomprehensivesystemofWesternphilosophy,encompassingmoralityandaesthetics,logicandscience,politicsandmetaphysics.（师生关系？

对真理的追求？

Aristotle'

sviewsonthephysicalsciencesprofoundlyshapedmedievalscholarship,andtheirinfluenceextendedwellintotheRenaissance,althoughtheywereultimatelyreplacedbyNewtonianphysics.Inthezoologicalsciences,someofhisobservationswereconfirmedtobeaccurateonlyinthe19thcentury.Hisworkscontaintheearliestknownformalstudyoflogic,whichwasincorporatedinthelate19thcenturyintomodernformallogic.Inmetaphysics,AristotelianismhadaprofoundinfluenceonphilosophicalandtheologicalthinkingintheIslamicandJewishtraditionsintheMiddleAges,anditcontinuestoinfluenceChristiantheology,especiallyEasternOrthodoxtheology,andthescholastictraditionoftheCatholicChurch.Hisethics,thoughalwaysinfluential,gainedrenewedinterestwiththemodernadventofvirtueethics.AllaspectsofAristotle'

sphilosophycontinuetobetheobjectofactiveacademicstudytoday.ThoughAristotlewrotemanyeleganttreatisesanddialogues（Cicerodescribedhisliterarystyleas"

ariverofgold"

）,itisthoughtthatthemajorityofhiswritingsarenowlostandonlyaboutone-thirdoftheoriginalworkshavesurvived.（少数个人而非群体对历史的影响）

Despitethefar-reachingappealthatAristotle'

sworkshavetraditionallyenjoyed,todaymodernscholarshipquestionsasubstantialportionoftheAristoteliancorpusasauthenticallyAristotle'

sown.（质疑既定权威）

AnalyticsandtheOrganon（分析法和推理法）

WhatwetodaycallAristotelianlogic,Aristotlehimselfwouldhavelabeled"

analytics"

.Theterm"

logic"

hereservedtomeandialectics.MostofAristotle'

sworkisprobablynotinitsoriginalform,sinceitwasmostlikelyeditedbystudentsandlaterlecturers.ThelogicalworksofAristotlewerecompiledintosixbooksinabouttheearly1stcenturyAD:

1.Categories

2.OnInterpretation

3.PriorAnalytics

4.PosteriorAnalytics

5.Topics

6.OnSophisticalRefutations

Theorderofthebooks（ortheteachingsfromwhichtheyarecomposed）isnotcertain,butthislistwasderivedfromanalysisofAristotle'

swritings.Itgoesfromthebasics,theanalysisofsimpletermsintheCategories,theanalysisofpropositionsandtheirelementaryrelationsinOnInterpretation,tothestudyofmorecomplexforms,namely,syllogisms（intheAnalytics）anddialectics（intheTopicsandSophisticalRefutations）.Thefirstthreetreatisesformthecoreofthelogicaltheorystrictosensu:

thegrammarofthelanguageoflogicandthecorrectnessrulesofreasoning.ThereisonevolumeofAristotle'

sconcerninglogicnotfoundintheOrganon,namelythefourthbookofMetaphysics.

Chanceandspontaneity（机遇性、自发性）

Spontaneityandchancearecausesofeffects.Chanceasanincidentalcauseliesintherealmofaccidentalthings.Itis"

fromwhatisspontaneous"

（butnotethatw