Lecture-3-Coordination-and-Subordination.ppt
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Lecture-3-Coordination-and-Subordination.ppt
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Lecture3CoordinationandSubordination,Outline,Coordination(并列)Subordination(从属)WaysofAchievingSubordination,Coordination,Coordinationishappeningwhenevertwoormorewords,phrases,orclausesarejoinedbyacoordinatingconjunctionspecifically,and,or,nor,but,yet,andfor.Asthefollowingexamplesshow,twoormoreofanytypeofgrammaticalstructurescanbecoordinatedthatis,joinedbyacoordinatingconjunction:
Coordinatedwordsandphrases:
1)Earlyinthetwentiethcentury,beliefsintheexistenceofMartians(假想的火星人)drewheavilyonscientificandpoliticalanalogieswithlifeonEarth.2)TheSecondWorldWarsawthedevelopmentofradarandthenthebuildingofthegiantradiotelescopes.Inthefirstexample,twoadjectivesarecoordinatedjoinedby“and”.Inthesecond,twonounsarejoinedby“and”.,Coordinateddependentclauses:
However,NicolasCopernicuscametotheconclusionthattheSunhadtobelocatedatthecenterofthecosmosandthattheEarth,MoonandtheplanetsallcircletheSun.Inthisexample,bothdependentclausesareintroducedbythat;theyarejoinedbyand.,Subordination,Subordinationisthetransformationofanindependentclauseintoadependent/subordinateclause,anextendedphrase(suchasagerund(动名词),participial(分词),orinfinitivephrase(不定式短语),orasimplenounphrase(orsinglenoun).Subordinateclauses,whichcannotstandalone,introducedbysubordinatingconjunctionsorbyrelativepronouns.,Bothsubordinationandcoordinationinvolvethelinkingofunitsofthesamerank.Butthemajordifferencebetweenthemisthattheinformationinsubordinateclauseisoftenplacedinthebackgroundwithrespecttothesuperordinateclause.Subornationisimportantmeanstodistinguishtheheadandtheinferior.Wecanlearnwhatthewriterwanttoexpressandhispurpose.Butbycoordination,thewords,phrases,orclausesareinthesameimportance.,Forexample:
Therainstopped,andthesuncameout.Whentherainstopped,thesuncameout.Inthesetwosentences,thefirstusethecoordination,thesecondsubordination.Sowecanseethatinthefirstsentencethewriterwanttoemphasizetherainandthesun.Bothofthemareveryimportant.Butinthesecondsentence,THESUNCAMEOUTisthemainclauseand“whentherainstopped”isjustsubordinateclauseandusedasbackground.,WaysofAchievingSubordination,1.SubordinatinglessimportantmeaningsTheplacementofasubordinatorinrelationtotheclauseitintroducesmayaffectthemeaningofasentence.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentences.Shedidnoteatbecauseshewasangry.Herangerkeptherfromeating.Shewasangrybecauseshedidnoteat.Herangerwascausedbyhernoteating.Whenthepolicearrived,thethievesranaway.Thearrivalofthepolicecausedthethievestorunaway.Whenthethievesranaway,thepolicearrived.Thethieveswerealreadygonewhenthepolicegotthere.Thesentencemayimplythatthepolicedidnotdotheirduty.,Relativepronouns(关系代词)andadverbsalsosignalsubordinateelementsinasentence.Noticehowtheuseofthesesubordinatorsspeedsupthepaceoftheproseandmakesthelineofthought(思路)clearer.WITHOUTSUBORDINATORS:
Mycousindoesmytaxeseveryyear.Heisanaccountant.Hehelpsmewithmanysuggestions.Thesesuggestionsallowmetotakeseveraldeductions.Thesedeductionsreducemytaxbillconsiderably.WITHSUBORDINATORS:
Mycousin,whoisanaccountant,helpsmewithmanysuggestionsthatallowmetotakeseveraldeductionsthatreducemytaxbillconsiderably.,Suggestion,Clauses,phrases,andsinglewordscanallbesubordinateunitsinasentence,highlightingthemajorassertionofthesentencewhileestablishingotherlevelsofemphasis.Asyourethinkyourfirstdrafts,besuretohaveclearlyinmindthemainthoughtsyouwanttoconvey.Subordinateotherthoughtstosupportthosemainthoughts.,2.Embeddingshortsentencesorcoordinateclauses,Aswehaveseen,shortsentencesareeasytounderstand,buttheeffectofseveralofthemcomingoneafteranotherismonotonous,eveniftheyareallperfectlyclearandgrammatical.Shortsentencesmayalsobeconfusingbecausetheymakeithardforreaderstopickoutthemainlineofthoughtintheprose.Youcanconnectideasbyusingvarioussubordinators,andyoucanalsouseembeddingtechniques.,WITHOUTEMBEDDEDELEMENTS:
Shewassad.Shedidnotlookback.Shewentuptheseawall.Shewasbowedbyherburdenoffailureandsorrowandself-contempt.WITHEMBEDDEDELEMENTS:
Sadly,withoutlookingback,shewentuptheseawall,bowedbyherburdenoffailureandsorrowandself-contempt.Severalofthesentencesinthefirstversionhavebeenreducedtomodifiersinthesecondversion.Wesaythattheideasexpressedintheseveralsentencesinthefirstversionhaveembeddedinthesecond.,In-ClassPractice,I.Thefollowingsentencescontainillogicalsubordinationortoomuchcoordination.Rewriteeachsentencetomakeitaneffectivesimpleorcomplexsentence.
(1)Altho
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- Lecture Coordination and Subordination
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