微生物学重要名词解释英英文档格式.docx
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微生物学重要名词解释英英文档格式.docx
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response.The
adaptiveimmuneresponseismorecomplexthantheinnate.Theantigenfirstmustbeprocessedandrecognized.Onceanantigenhasbeenrecognized,theadaptiveimmune
systemcreatesanarmyofimmune
cellsspecificallydesignedtoattackthatantigen.
Immunoglobulins(抗体),alsoknownasantibodies,areglycoproteinmoleculesproducedbyplasmacells(whitebloodcells).Theyactasacriticalpartoftheimmuneresponsebyspecificallyrecognizingandbindingtoparticularantigens,suchasbacteriaorvirusesandaidingintheirdestruction.
Antigen,anysubstancethatcausesyourimmunesystemtoproduceantibodiesagainstit.An
antigen
maybeaforeignsubstancefromtheenvironment,suchaschemicals,bacteria,viruses,orpollen.An
mayalsobeformedinsidethebody,aswithbacterialtoxinsortissuecells.
An
epitope(表位),alsoknownasantigenicdeterminant(抗原决定簇),isthepartofanantigenthatisrecognizedbytheimmunesystem,specificallybyantibodies,Bcells,orTcells.Forexample,the
epitope
isthespecificpieceoftheantigenthatanantibodybindsto.
Haptens(半抗原)
aresmallmoleculesthatelicit(引出)animmuneresponseonlywhenattachedtoalargecarriersuchasaprotein;
thecarriermaybeonethatalsodoesnotelicitanimmuneresponsebyitself.
Immunecomplex,sometimescalledanantigen-antibody
complex,isamoleculeformedfromtheintegralbindingofanantibodytoasolubleantigen.Theboundantigenandantibodyactasaunitaryobject,effectivelyanantigenofitsownwithaspecificepitope.
Innatehostresistance(先天性宿主抵抗力),comparetoadaptiveimmunity
EndotoxinAtoxinproducedbycertainbacteriaandreleasedupondestructionofthebacterialcell.
Exotoxinatoxinreleasedbyalivingbacterialcellintoitssurroundings.
Pathogenicity
referstotheabilityofanorganismtocausedisease(ie,harmthehost).Thisabilityrepresentsageneticcomponentofthepathogenandtheovertdamagedonetothehostisapropertyofthehost-pathogeninteractions.Commensals(共栖)andopportunisticpathogenslackthisinherentabilitytocausedisease.
Toxoid(类毒素)bacterialtoxin(usuallyanexotoxin)whosetoxicityhasbeeninactivatedorsuppressedeitherbychemical(formalin)orheattreatment,whileotherproperties,typicallyimmunogenicity,aremaintained.
U10
Amensalism(偏害共栖),associationbetweenorganismsoftwodifferentspeciesinwhichoneisinhibited(抑制)ordestroyedandtheotherisunaffected.
Commensalism(偏利共栖),inecology,isaclassofrelationshipsbetweentwoorganismswhereoneorganismbenefitsfromtheotherwithoutaffectingit.
Compromisedhost,apatientwithacquiredorcongenital(先天的)immunologicdeficiencyatincreasedriskforinfectiousdiseasecomplications.
Cooperation,theactionorprocessofworkingtogethertothesameend.
Mutualism(互利共栖),thewaytwoorganismsofdifferentspeciesexistinarelationshipinwhicheachindividualbenefitsfromtheactivityoftheother.Similarinteractionswithinaspeciesareknownasco-operation.
Normalmicrobiota(正常微生物群),microorganismsthatresideonthesurfaceanddeeplayersofskin,inthesalivaandoralmucosa(口腔黏液膜),intheconjunctiva(结膜),andinthegastrointestinal(胃肠的)tractsofeveryhumanbeing.
Opportunisticpathogen/microorganism(条件致病微生物)organismthatiscapableofcausingdiseaseonlywhenthehost'
sresistanceislowered,forexample,byotherdiseasesordrugs.
Parasitismaformoflivinginwhichtwoorganismsthatarephylogenicallydifferent(unrelated)co-existoveralongperiodoftime(usuallyforthelifetimeofoneoftheindividuals).
Predationisabiologicalinteractionwhereapredator(anorganismthatishunting)feedsonitsprey(theorganismthatisattacked).
Symbiosis
(fromGreekσύν"
together"
andβίωσις"
living"
)iscloseandoftenlong-terminteractionbetweentwodifferentbiologicalspecies.
U9
Domain
(alsosuperregnum,superkingdom,empire,orregio)isthehighesttaxonomicrankoforganismsinthethree-domain
systemoftaxonomydesignedbyCarlWoese,anAmericanmicrobiologistandbiophysicist.
Genusataxonomicrankusedinthebiologicalclassificationoflivingandfossilorganismsinbiology.Inthehierarchyofbiologicalclassification,genuscomesabovespeciesandbelowfamily.Inbinomialnomenclature(命名),thegenusnameformsthefirstpartofthebinomialspeciesnameforeachspecieswithinthegenus.
GC-content
(orguanine-cytosinecontent)thepercentageofnitrogenousbasesonaDNAmoleculethatareeitherguanineorcytosine(fromapossibilityoffourdifferentones,alsoincludingadenineandthymine).
Polyphasicclassification(多相分类)aconsensusapproachtobacterialsystematicsviamorethanonephase.
A
species
isoftendefinedasthelargestgroupoforganismswheretwoindividualsarecapableof
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