武汉大学博士英语结课考试docxWord格式.docx
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武汉大学博士英语结课考试docxWord格式.docx
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fromindividualtosocialaspects从个体到社会
fromoneselftoothers从自身到他人
fromdirecttoindirectaspects从直接到间接
fromphysicalenvironmenttoeconomicandsocialstructure从地理环境到社会经济结构
3Perspective(pointofview)角度+Keywords
=thesis论点+evidence论据
=theme主题(mainidea)+aspects方面
4Form/Function形式(passagelevel)
Structure:
theorganizationofthewholearticle
Introduction(what)
Body(why)
Conclusion(how)
(二)Paragraphdevelopment
1Skill/Pattern;
Fact/Detail
Statistics统计
Examples例证
Statements阐述
Quotation引言
2Method针对所选用的skill的方法
1)topicorder
2)causalorder=causeandeffect
3)spatialorder=spaceorder
4)chronologicalorder=timeorder
5)problemandsolution
6)meansandends
7)processandresult
8)classification
9)hierarchicalstructure分层次、等级的(fromleasttomost)
10)antithesis对偶、排比
11)progression递进(agradualprocessofchangeordevelopingoverperiodoftime)
12)comparison(相似)andcontrast(差异)对比
3Logicrelationship(frompassagelevel)(what,why,how)
1)Causeandeffect因果关系=why&
how
2)Meansandends=processandpurpose=how手段和目的;
过程和目的
3)Topic/ideaandreason(introduction)=what&
why
4)Problemandsolution=what&
5)Example=how
(三)DevelopingParagraph/Body(正文/主体)
1Unity(一致性)—topicsentence切题,与开篇提出的论点相关
2Development(发展性)—supportingsentencesnomorethan5aspects论据是否充分
CommonMethodsofDevelopment
1)exemplification例证
2)facts事实
3)citation引证
4)comparisonandcontrast比较与对比
5)analysis分析
6)classification分类
3Coherence(连贯性):
主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然
1)transitions/signposts过渡词/路标词
2)fromthemostimportanttotheleastimportantorviceverse由重到轻,反之亦然
3)generalprinciplebyclassification:
总原则(分类)
第一课的第三段:
OursecondmajordiscoverywasthattheInformationMarketplacewilldramaticallyaffectpeopleandorganizationsonawidescale.Besidesitsmanyusesincommerce,officework,andmanufacturing,itwillalsoimprovehealthcare,providenewwaystoshop,enableprofessionalandsocialencountersacrosstheglobe,andgenerallypermeatethethousandsofthingswedointhecourseofourdailylives.Itwillhelpuspursueoldandnewpleasures,anditwillencouragenewartforms,whichmaybecriticizedbutwillmoveartforward,asnewtoolshavealwaysdone.Itwillalsoimproveeducationandtraining,firstinspecificandestablishedwaysandlaterthroughbreakthroughsthatareconfidentlyawaited.Humanorganizationsfromtinycompaniestoentirenationalgovernmentswillbenefittoo,becausesomuchoftheworktheydoisinformationwork.
Topic
Effect/Influence
Perspective
Humanandorganizations
Aspect
Human:
fromphysicaltopsychological
Organization:
fromindividualtosocial
Keywords
Skill(s)
Byexample
Method(s)
Byclassification
Question
(LogicRelationship)
WhatandHow
第一课的第十二段:
ThewiseeyewillalsoseethattheInformationMarketplaceismuchinfluentialthanitsparts—theinterfaces,middlewareandpipesthatmakeupthethree-storybuildingonwhichwestand.Oncetheyareintegrated,theypresentamuchgreaterpower—thepowertopreventanasthmaticfromdyinginaremotetowninAlaska,toenableanunemployedbankloanofficertofindandsucceedatanewformofwork,toallowahusbandandwifetorevelintheaccomplishmentsofadistantdaughterwhilealsoprovidingemotionalandfinancialsupport.Thesepowersarefargreaterthantheabilitytosendane-mailmessage,ortohavefivehundredTVchannels.
Power
PhysiologysafetyandBelongingness
Frommaterialtospiritual
Hierarchicalstructure
第八课的第一段:
Countlessculturesaroundtheworldhavedisappeared,alongwiththeirmythologies.InMesoamerica,dozensofornateMayantemplesliemute,asdoanuntoldnumberofIncanmonumentsinPeru,CelticcairnsinWales,KhmerstatuesinCambodia,andmagnificentziggurat-likestructuresincentralAfrica.
culture
world
Frommaterialaspects
Culture,mythologies;
Mayantemples,Incanmonuments,Celticcairns,Khmerstatues,Ziggurat-likestructures
Inspatialorder
第八课的第四段:
Itislikelythatchangesintheforestoccurredoverdecadesandwouldhav
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