跨文化交际最新版本Word文件下载.docx
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跨文化交际最新版本Word文件下载.docx
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h)Organizationalcommunication组织传播
i)Masscommunication大众传播
Humanandbiological/physicalcommunication树状图略
2)Theremustbesomecontactbetweencommunicators
a)Two-waycontact=directcommunication
b)One-waycontact=indirectcommunication
c)Facetofacecommunication面对面交际
d)Distancecommunication远距离交际
3)Theremustbealanguagesharedbycommunicators
语言分类树状图略
4)Anexchangeofinformationhastakenplace判断交际的成功程度
a)Completesuccesscommunication
b)Partialsuccess
c)Failure
2.Componentsofcommunication交际的组成
1)Amessage(verbalornon-verbal)
2)Asender
3)Receiver
4)Channel
5)Noise干扰
6)Feedback
7)Encoding编码
8)Decoding解码
3.Modelofcommunication
1)Thelinearmodel线性模式
Sender→Message→Channel→Receiver→Effect
Thereisnofeedbackinthismodel缺点:
无反馈
2)Thecircularmodel循环模式
Message+decode/encode=two-wayprocess
Thisisanexchangemodeleveryoneisbothadecoderandanencoder
3)Thecontexualizedmodel环境模式
Context(环境)referstotheideathateveryactofcommunicationmusthappeninsomesortofsurroundings.
环境分类
a)Physicalcontext物质环境
b)Socialcontext社会环境
c)Culturalcontext文化环境
4.Characteristicsofcommunication
1)Dynamic动态的
2)Irreversible不可撤销的(theoriginalpersoncan’ttakeitback)
3)Symbolic符号性
4)Systemic系统性
5)Self-reflective自我反应性
6)Interactive交互性
7)Complex
5.communicationisculture,andcultureiscommunication.whenculturediffers,communicationalsodiffer.
6.Ingredientsofculture
Culturesmaybeclassifiedbythreecategories
1)Artifact人造物品
2)Concepts概念
3)Behavior行为
文化的三个层次
1)Materiallevel物质文化
2)Systemlevel制度文化
3)Beliefandbehaviorlevel观念文化
7.Characteristicsofculture文化的特征
1)Cultureisnotinnate(固有的),it'
slearned
2)Cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration
3)Cultureisselective
4)Thefacetsofcultureareinterrelated相互联系的
5)Cultureisethnocentric民族文化优越感
6)Cultureissubjecttochange文化是发展变化的
Welearnourculturefromfolktales,legends,andmyths,throughartsandmassmedia.Allofthislearningoccursasconsciousorunconsciousconditioningthatleadsonetowardcompetenceinaparticularculture.Theactivityiscalledenculturation(文化合群).
8.Culturalpatterns文化模式
1)Dominantculture主流文化mainstreamcultureWASP—Whiteanglo-saxonprotestant为美国主流文化
Itinvolvestheculturalcomponentscommontomostpeople,includingviewsofpolitics,conceptionsofselfandbasicrolesstandardformswhichmostpeopleinthesocietyareawareofandaccept.
2)Subcuture亚文化(ethnic,regional,occupational,social,economical,religiousorgender-related)
3)Co-culture共生文化
9.大题Fivevalueorientations
表格略
1)Humannature
a)Evilbutperfectible
b)Mixtureofgoodandevil
c)Goodbutcorruptible
2)Relationshiptonature
a)Naturecontrolshuman
b)Harmonywithnature
c)Humancontrolsnature
3)Senseoftime时间观念
a)Past
b)Present
c)Future
4)Activity
a)Being-oriented
b)Being-and-becoming
c)Doing
5)Socialrelationships
a)Hierarchy
b)Group以群体为中心
c)Individual以人为中心
10.高低语境文化
Inhigh-contextculturestheinformationisinthephysicalcontextorinternalized(内在化)inthepeoplewhoarepartoftheinteraction.Verylittleinformationiscodedintheverbalmessage.
Inlow-contextculturesinformationiscontainedintheverbalmessage,verylittleisinthecontextorwithintheparticipants.
11.Whatisculturelike?
1)Cultureislikeaniceberg
2)Cultureislikeanonion
3)Cultureisoursoftware
4)Cultureisthegrammarofourbehavior文化是行动指南
5)Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin
12.Humancommunicationtakesplaceintwoways
1)Verbalcommunication
2)Non-verbalcommunication“silentlanguage”
13.Onewordmayhaveadifferentmeaningandimplicationeveninanotherculturethatusesthesamelanguage.Bomb:
美,massivefailures英,hugesuccess
14.Theinfluenceofcultureonlanguage
1)Languageasareflectionoftheenvironment
2)Languageasreflectionofvalues
Languagedeterminism语言决定论
15.Wordshavetwolayersofmeanings
1)Denotationalmeaning概念意义
2)Connotationalmeaning内涵意义
Denotationalmeaningreferstoadictionarydefinition
Connotationalmeaningreferstoextendedmeaningsorassocitatedmeanings.
16.Sociolinguistictransfer语用迁移
17.Speechacttheory言语行为理论
1)Locutionaryact言内行为
2)Illocutinaryact言外行为
3)Perlocutionaryact言后行为
18.Faceandpoliteness面子原则和礼貌原则“face”isanindividual’sself-esteem
1)Positivefaceisyourneedtobetoanumberofagroup
2)Negativefaceisthen
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