大学英语六级考试2011年12月真题Word文档格式.doc
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大学英语六级考试2011年12月真题Word文档格式.doc
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Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.
TheWaytoSuccess
注意:
此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
PartII
ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
Google'
sPlanforWorld'
sBiggestOnlineLibrary:
PhilanthropyOrActofPiracy?
Inrecentyears,teamsofworkersdispatchedbyGooglehavebeenworkinghardtomakedigitalcopiesofbooks.Sofar,Googlehasscannedmorethan10milliontitlesfromlibrariesinAmericaandEurope-includinghalfamillionvolumesheldbytheBodleianinOxford.Theexactmethoditusesisunclear;
thecompanydoesnotallowoutsiderstoobservetheprocess.WhyisGoogleundertakingsuchaventure?
Whyisiteveninterestedinallthoseout-of-printlibrarybooks,mostofwhichhavebeengatheringdustonforgottenshelvesfordecades?
Thecompanyclaimsitsmotivesareessentiallypublic-spirited.Itsoverallmission,afterall,isto"
organizetheworld'
sinformation"
soitwouldbeoddifthatinformationdidnotincludebooks.
Thecompanylikestopresentitselfashavingloftyaspirations."
Thisreallyisn'
taboutmakingmoney.Wearedoingthisforthegoodofsociety."
AsSantiagodelaMora,headofGoogleBooksforEurope,putsit:
"
Bymakingitpossibletosearchthemillionsofbooksthatexisttoday,wehopetoexpandthefrontiersofhumanknowledge."
DanClancy,thechiefarchitectofGoogleBooks,doesseemgenuineinhisconvictionthatthisisprimarilyaphilanthropic(慈善的)exercise."
scorebusinessissearchandfind,soobviouslywhathelpsimproveGoogle'
ssearchengineisgoodforGoogle,"
hesays."
Butwehaveneverbuiltaspreadsheet(电子数据表)outliningthefinancialbenefitsofthis,andIhaveneverhadtojustifytheamountIamspendingtothecompany'
sfounders."
Itiseasy,talkingtoClancyandhiscolleagues,tobesweptalongbytheirmissionarypassion.ButGoogle'
sbook-scanningprojectisprovingcontroversial.Severalopponentshaverecentlyemerged,rangingfromrivaltechgiantssuchasMicrosoftandAmazontosmallbodiesrepresentingauthorsandpublishersacrosstheworld.Inbroadterms,theseopponentshaveleveledtwosetsofcriticismsatGoogle.
First,theyhavequestionedwhethertheprimaryresponsibilityfordigitallyarchivingtheworld'
sbooksshouldbeallowedtofalltoacommercialcompany.InarecentessayintheNewYorkReviewofBooks,RobertDanton,theheadofHarvardUniversity'
slibrary,arguedthatbecausesuchbooksareacommonresource–thepossessionofusall–onlypublic,not-for-profitbodiesshouldbegiventhepowertocontrolthem.
ThesecondrelatedcriticismisthatGoogle'
sscanningofbooksisactuallyillegal.ThisallegationhasledtoGooglebecomingmiredin(陷入)alegalbattlewhosescopeandcomplexitymakestheJaundiceandJaundicecaseinCharlesDickens'
BleakHouselookstraightforward.
Atitscentre,however,isonesimpleissue:
thatofcopyright.Theinconvenientfactaboutmostbooks,towhichGooglehasarguablypaidinsufficientattention,isthattheyareprotectedbycopyright.Copyrightlawsdifferfromcountrytocountry,butingeneralprotectionextendsforthedurationofanauthor'
slifeandforasubstantialperiodafterwards,thusallowingtheauthor'
sheirstobenefit.(InBritainandAmerica,thispost-deathperiodis70years.)Thismeans,ofcourse,thatalmostallofthebookspublishedinthe20thcenturyarestillundercopyright–andthelastcenturysawmorebookspublishedthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Oftheroughly40millionbooksinUSlibraries,forexample,anestimated32millionareincopyright.Ofthese,some27millionareoutofprint.
OutsidetheUS,Googlehasmadesureonlytoscanbooksthatareoutofcopyrightandthusinthe"
publicdomain"
(workssuchastheBodleian'
sfirsteditionofMiddlemarch,whichanyonecanreadforfreeonGoogleBooksSearch).But,withintheUS,thecompanyhasscannedbothin-copyrightandout-of-copyrightworks.Initsdefense,Googlepointsoutthatitdisplaysonlysmallsegmentsofbooksthatareincopyright–arguingthatsuchdisplaysare"
fairuse"
.
Butcriticsallegethatbymakingelectroniccopiesofthesebookswithoutfirstseekingthepermissionofcopyrightholders,Googlehascommittedpiracy.
"
Thekeyprincipleofcopyr
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