3D打印英文文献+翻译文档格式.docx
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3D打印英文文献+翻译文档格式.docx
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Fromdropstosolid
B.DerbySchoolofMaterials,UniversityofManchester,OxfordRoad,ManchesterM139PL,UKAvailableonline16February2011
Abstract
Inkjetprintingisapowerfulmicrofabricationtoolthathasbeenappliedtothemanufactureofceramiccomponents.Tosuccessfullyfabricateceramicobjectsanumberofconditionsmustbesatisfiedconcerningfluidpropertiesanddropplacementaccuracy.Ithasbeenproposedthatfluidsareprintablewithinthebounds1<
Z<
10(whereZistheinverseoftheOhnesorgenumber)andtheselimitsareshowntobeconsistentwithceramicsuspensionsdeliveredbypiezoelectricdrop-on-demandinkjetprinters.Thephysicalprocessesthatoccurduringdropimpactandspreadingarereviewedandtheseareshowntodefinetheminimumfeaturesizeattainableforagivenprinteddropdiameter.Finallythedefectsthatcanoccurduringthedryingofprinteddropsarereviewed(coffeestaining)andmechanismsandmethodologiestoreducethisphenomenonarediscussed.
Keywords:
Inkjetprinting;
Shaping;
Drying;
Suspensions
1.Introduction
Inkjetprintinghasmajorcommercialapplicationsingraph-icsoutputandotherconventionalprintingoperations.However,therehasbeendevelopinginterestinusinginkjetprintingtomanufacturecomponentswithapplicationsfor:
displays,1plas-ticelectronics,2rapidprototyping,3tissueengineering,4andceramiccomponentmanufacture.5Asignificantandfundamen-taldifferencebetweenthesenewapplicationsandthemorewidespreadapplicationofprintingtextorimagesisthebehaiouroftheprintedinkdropletsontheprintedsubstrate.Mostimagesareconstructedbythedepositionofdiscretedropletsand,inordertooptimiseresolutionandcontrast,thesedropletsareiso-latedanddonotcontacteachother.Incontrast,manyofthenewapplicationsforinkjetprintingenvisagethemanufactureofcontinuous1-,2-,or3-dimensionalstructures(1-,2-,or3-D).Suchstructuresrequireacontinuousdistributionofmaterialandthisnecessitatescontactandadhesionbetweenindividualdropsafterprinting.Inkjetprintingconstructsobjectsbytheprecisionplacementofpicolitrevolumesofliquidandthustheinitialinterac-tionbetweenprintedmaterialandasubstrateisaliquid/solidinteraction.Ultimately,theprinteddepositundergoesasolid-ificationprocessthatcanoccurthroughsolventevaporation,
temperatureinducedsolidification/gelationorchemicalreac-tion.Considerationsoftherelativetimescalesofdropspreadingandsolidificationindicatethattherewillbeasignificantperiodoftimeafterprintingwhenaliquidispresentonasurface6andthusthemorphologicalstabilityofcoallescingliquidfilmsmustbeexamined,asmusttheeffectsofthesolidificationprocess.
Therehasbeenaconsiderablenumberofpublicationsontheuseofinkjetprintinginthemanufactureofceramics.7–17Thesepriorstudieshaveusedallinkjetdropgenerationtechnologies(continuous,thermaldrop-on-demandandpiezoelectricdrop-on-demand)tosuccessfullyproduceceramicobjectsusingbothsolventevaporationandphase-changesolidification.Industrialinkjetprintingtechnologynowusespiezoelectricdrop-on-demand(DOD)generationtechnologyandthisisthechosenmethodformostapplicationsinprintingfunctionalmaterials.Thephysicaloperationofthesedifferentprintingtechnologies
andthereasonsforthechoiceofpiezoelectricDODprintinghavebeendiscussedindetailelsewhere6,18;
henceherewewill
confineourconsiderationstothistechnology.Wewillalsoonlyconsidertheprintingofceramicinksthatsolidifythroughsol-ventevaporation.Despiteearlierworkdemonstratingthatitispossibletosuccessfullyprintcmscaleobjectsusingawaxbasedphasechangeceramicink,11–13ceramicinkscontainrelativelylowvolumefractionsofsolidandthusthereisconsiderableshrinkageandpotentialfordistortionduringdewaxingandsintering.14
Inordertofabricateceramicobjectsusinginkjetprinting,itisnecessarytosatisfyanumberofrequirements.Firstthereis
aneedtoproducestableceramicsuspensionswithdefinedfluidpropertiessuchthattheycanbepassedthroughadropletgener-atorandformregulardrops.Second,thesesuspensionsneedtobedeliveredontoasubstrateorontoapreviouslyprintedlayerofsolidifiedceramicink,withdropsinsufficientproximitytoeachothertoallowthemtointeractandformdesired2-Dfeatures.Next,theprintedceramicinkmustundergophasetransitiontoasoliddeposit.Finally,toproduce3-Dstructuresthedeposi-tionanddrying/solidificationprocessesneedtoberepeatedonalayerofpre-depositedanddriedmaterial.Herewewillconsidereachoftheserequirementsandtheiroptimizationforthedirectprintingofceramic
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