The-One-Against-Many课件PPT推荐.ppt
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The-One-Against-Many课件PPT推荐.ppt
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HeisahistorianofU.S.presidencywhoservedasaintellectual-in-residencyinKennedysWhiteHouse.TheAuthorofNumerousBooksHisMasterpieces:
TheAgeofRooseveltAThousandDays:
JohnF.KennedyinthewhiteHouseTheImperialPresidencyTheCyclesofAmericanHistoryTheDisunitingofAmericanALifeinthe20thCenturyHeisaLiberalHebelievesintherobustliberalismthatproducedtheNewDeal.Foughtforcivillibertiesanddefendedcivilrights.ButstaunchlyopposedCommunismApostliberalmanifestoTheVitalCenter:
thePoliticsofFreedomGuidingtoReading:
“Americanhashadthegoodfortunenottobeanideologicalsociety”TheSentenceisfromthefiftyyearswartheunitedstatesandthesovietunioninworldpolitics,1941-1991byArthurSchlesinger,Jr.Population&
ResourcesinAmericaThenwecangetAspopulationspreadacrossthecountry,thepercentageofarablelandincountiesclosesttothedensestpopulationsdeclined.WhyAmericanshaveDeepFaithinEducation:
thehistoricalreasonThefirstsettlersofAmericaisagroupofPuritans.Theseweremenofletters,hadattendedOxfordorCambridge,andcommunicatedwithintellectualsalloverEurope.TheHarvardCollegewasfoundedin1636,WilliamandMaryin1693andtheYaleCollegein1701.BesidestheBible,childrenneededtoreadinorderto“understandtheGodsMeaningandthecapitallawsofthiscountry,”TheMassachusettscodedeclared,orderbeingoftheutmostimportance,andchildrennottaughttoreadwouldgrow“barbarous”Itaroseoriginallyformaphilosophicalratherthananeconomiccommitment(para.3)Example:
ThomasJeffersonwrotein1816,“ifanationexpectstobeignorantandfree,inastateofcivilization,itexpectswhatneverwasandneverwillbe.”Educationwasseenasthemeanstoenablethepublictomake“rightchoices”(thoseconsistentwithdemocraticvalues)andmaintainstabilitywithintherepublic.AnotherfactorintheprocessofAmericandevelopmenthasbeenthecommitmenttoself-governmentandrepresentativeinstitutions.(para.5)Self-governmentistheprinciplethatthepeoplearetheultimatesourceofgoverningauthorityandthattheirgeneralwelfareistheonlylegitimatepurposeofgovernment.Representativeinstitutions:
asystemofgovernmentinstitutionsthatgivecitizenstheopportunitytovoteforrepresentativeswhowillworkontheirbehalf.AnallusionfromaGreekpoetArchilochus(7th-centuryBC.)“Thefoxknowsmanythings,butthehedgehogknowsonebigthing.”“hedgehog”&
“fox”(para.7)TheFoxandtheHedgehogbySirIsaiahBerlin(para.7)Once,longago,FoxandHedgehoghappenedtomeet.IamFox,theslyone!
boastedFox.Iknowahundredclevertricks!
Whatareyou?
Oh,IamHedgehog,thequietone,saidHedgehogmodestly.Iknowonlyatrickandahalf.Onlyatrickandahalf!
mockedFox.Whatgoodisthat?
Andyouresuchafunny,pricklylittlething!
Whatgoodareyou?
Hedgehogdidntanswer.Hemerelystartedtowalkaway.Heynow,littleHedgehog!
calledFox.Whereareyougoing?
Toeat.Thefarmersmelonsareripe.Oh,Calvinism(para.8)Calvinism(alsocalledReformedtradition,theReformedfaith,orReformedtheology)isaProtestanttheologicalsystemandanapproachtotheChristianlife.ThisbranchofChristianitybearsthenameoftheFrenchreformerJohnCalvinbecauseofhisprominentinfluenceonitandbecauseofhisroleintheconfessionalandecclesiasticaldebatesthroughoutthe16thcenturyFivepointsofCalvinismTotaldepravity人全然败坏无法自救。
人全然败坏无法自救。
Unconditionalelection神无条件的拣选神无条件的拣选罪人罪人Limitedatonement基督救恩限定的赎基督救恩限定的赎罪罪Irresistiblegrace圣灵不可抗拒的恩召圣灵不可抗拒的恩召Perseveranceofthesaints圣徒必永远圣徒必永远得蒙保守得蒙保守“YetmostofthetimeAmericanshavefoxilymistrustedabstractrationalismandrigidaprioridoctrine.(para.9)RationalismKnowledgearisesfromreasoningIsthepositionthatthewaytoknowledgeisfromthegeneraltotheparticularRequiressomegeneralaprioritruthswhichitviewsasnecessary(usually)CharacterisedbydeductionThegeneralprinciplesgivesmeaningtotheobservationsbyrelatingthemE.g.Descartes“IthinkthereforeIam”ThemostvitalAmericansocialthoughthasbeenempirical,practical,pragmaticinnovationandexperiment.(para9)Innovationandexperiment:
TheUShasthelargestnumberofNobelPrizewinnersinscienceandeconomics:
Americahasbeenknownastheworldstestinggroundofmanyreligiousandsocialreformplans.EmpiricismKnowledgearisesfromobservationIsthepositionthatthewaytoknowledgeisfromtheparticulartothegeneralRequiressomeparticularaposteriortruths(perceptions)whicharecontingentCharacterisedbyinductionThegeneralprinciplesarisefromtheprocessofrelatingobservationsE.g.Galileos“Alltruthsareeasytounderstandoncetheyarediscovered;
thepointistodiscoverthem”PragmatismAnAmericanphilosophyfromtheearly20thcentury.AccordingtoPragmatism,thetruthormeaningofanideaorapropositionliesinitsobservablepracticalconsequencesratherthananythingmetaphysical.ImportantPhilosophersofPragmatismWilliamJamesC.S.(CharlesSanders)PeirceGeorgeH.MeadJohnDeweyW.V.QuineC.I.LewisWilliamJamesonPragmatismWilliamJamesisthemostfamousphilosopherofPragmatismandhestheonewhomadePragmatismitselffamous.ForJames,Pragmatismwasaboutvalueandmorality:
thepurposeofphilosophywastounderstandwhathadvaluetousandwhy.JameswroteonPragmatism:
“Ideasbecometruejustsofarastheyhelpustogetintosatisfactoryrelationswithotherpartsofourexperience.”ImportantBook
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