语言学第六章笔记和习题1Word格式.docx
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语言学第六章笔记和习题1Word格式.docx
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⏹Semanticsstudiesliteral,structuralorlexicalmeaning,whilepragmaticsstudiesnon-literal,implicit,intendedmeaning,orspeaker’smeaning.
⏹Semanticsiscontextindependent,decontextualized,whilepragmaticsiscontextdependent,contextualized.
⏹Semanticsdealswithwhatissaid,whilepragmaticsdealswithwhatisimplicatedorinferred.
Whatessentiallydistinguishsemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered
Ifitisnot,itissemantics.
Ifitis,itispragmatics.
⏹Pragmaticanalysisofmeaningisfirstandforemostconcernedwiththestudyofwhatiscommunicatedbyaspeaker/writerandinterpretedbyalistener/reader.
⏹Analysisofintentionalmeaningnecessarilyinvolvestheinterpretationofwhatpeopledothroughlanguageinaparticularcontext.
⏹Intendedmeaningmayormaynotbeexplicitlyexpressed.Pragmaticanalysisalsoexploreshowlisteners/readersmakeinferencesaboutwhatiscommunicated.
SomebasicnotionsinPragmatics
⏹Context
⏹Pragmaticsvs.semantics
⏹Sentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaning
Context
⏹Context----abasicconceptinthestudyofpragmatics.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,suchasculturalbackground,situation(time,place,manner,etc.),therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,etc.….
Pragmaticsvs.semantics
⏹Semantics----isthestudyoftheliteralmeaningofasentence(withouttakingcontextintoconsideration).
⏹Pragmatics----thestudyoftheintendedmeaningofaspeaker(takingcontextintoconsideration),e.g.
⏹“TodayisSunday”,semantically,itmeansthattodayisthefirstdayoftheweek;
pragmatically,youcanmeanalotbysayingthis,alldependingonthecontextandtheintentionofthespeaker,say,makingasuggestionorgivinganinvitation…
Sentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaning
----Sentencemeaning:
⏹Abstractandcontext-independentmeaning;
⏹literalmeaningofasentence;
⏹havingadyadicrelationasin:
WhatdoesXmean?
----utterancemeaning:
⏹concreteandcontext-dependentmeaning;
⏹intendedmeaningofaspeaker;
⏹havingatriadicrelationasin:
WhatdidyoumeanbyX?
Forexample,“Thebagisheavy”canmean
⏹abagbeingheavy(sentencemeaning);
⏹anindirect,politerequest,askingthehearertohelphimcarrythebag;
⏹thespeakerisdecliningsomeone’srequestforhelp.
Thedogisbarking.
Ifwetakeitasagrammaticalunitandconsideritasaself-containedunitinisolation,thenwetreatitasasentence.
Ifwetakeitassomethingaspeakeruttersinacertainsituationwithacertainpurpose,thenwearetreatingitasanutterance.
⏹Note:
Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonthesentencemeaning;
itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext;
utterancemeaningisricherthansentencemeaning;
itisidenticalwiththepurposeforwhichthespeakeruttersthesentence.
⏹SpeechactsisatermderivedfromtheworkofthephilosopherJ.Austin(1962)andnowusedtorefertoatheorywhichanalyzestheroleofutterancesinrelationtothebehaviorofthespeakerandthehearerininterpersonalcommunication.Itaimstoanswerthequestion“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage?
”
⏹Inlinguisticcommunication,peopledonotmerelyexchangeinformation.Theyactuallydosomethingthroughtalkingorwritinginvariouscircumstances.Actionsperformedviaspeakingarecalledspeechacts.
Twotypesofutterances
⏹Constatives(叙述句)----statementsthateitherstateordescribe,andarethusverifiable;
⏹Performatives(施为句)----sentencesthatdonotstateafactordescribeastate,andarenotverifiable.
Sometimestheyareeasytogetconfused,e.g.“Itisrainingoutside”canbeaconstative,andalsoaperformative,forbyutteringsuchasentence,wemaynotonlystateafact,butinvolveintheactofinformingsomeoneabouttherain.
SomeExamplesofPerformatives
⏹“Ido”
⏹“InamethisshipElizabeth.”
⏹“Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.”
⏹“Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow.”
⏹“Ideclarethemeetingopen.”
Austin’snewmodelofspeechacts
----AccordingtoAustin’snewmodel,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:
locutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.
⏹Thelocutionaryact----anactofsayingsomething,utteringwords,phrases,clauses,i.e.anactofmakingameaningfulutterance(literalmeaningofa
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