二语习得复习汇总Word文件下载.doc
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二语习得复习汇总Word文件下载.doc
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Differencesebetweenmonolingualandmultilingualcommunicativecompetencearedueinparttothedifferentsocialfunctionsoffirstandsecondlanguagelearning,andtothedifferencesbetweenlearninglanguageandlearningculture.
Thedifferencesofthecompetencebetweennativespeakersandnonativespeakersincludestructuraldifferencesinthelinguisitcsystem,differentrulesforusageinwritingorconversation,andevensomewhatdivergentmeaningsforthe“same”lexicalforms.Further,amultilingualspeaker’stotalcommunicativecompetencediffersfromthatofamonolingualinincludingknowledgeofrulesfortheappropriatechoiceoflanguageandforswitchingbetweenlanguages,givenaparticularsocialcontextandcommunicativepurpose.
2.whatarethemicrosocialfactorsthataffectSLA?
a)L2variation
b)inputandinteraction
c)interactionasthegenesisoflanguage
3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenlinguisticcompetence&
communicativecompetence(CC)?
Linguisticcompetence-Itwasdefinedin1965byChomskyasaspeaker'
sunderlyingabilitytoproducegrammaticallycorrectexpressions.Linguisticcompetencereferstoknowledgeoflanguage.Theoreticallinguisticsprimarilystudieslinguisticcompetence:
knowledgeofalanguagepossessedby“anidealspeak-listener”.
Communicativecompetence-Itisaterminlinguisticswhichrefersto“whataspeakerneedstoknowtocommunicateappropriatelywithinaparticularlanguagecommunity”,suchasalanguageuser'
sgrammaticalknowledgeofsyntax,morphology,phonologyandthelike,aswellassocialknowledgeabouthowandwhentouseutterancesappropriately.
4.WhyisCCinL1differentfromL2?
L1learningforchildrenisanintegralpartoftheirsociolizationintotheirnativelanguagecommunity.L2learningmaybepartofsecondculturelearningandadaptation,buttherelationshipofSLAtosocialandculturallearningdiffersgreatlywithcircumstances.
5.WhatisAccommodationTheory?
HowdoesthisexplainL2variation?
Accommodationtheory:
Speakers(usuallyunconsciously)changetheirpronunciationandeventhegrammaticalcomplexityofsentencestheyusetosoundmorelikewhomevertheyaretalkingto.ThisaccountsinpartforwhynativespeakerstendtosimplytheirlanguagewhentheyaretalkingtoaL2learnerwhoisnotfluent,andwhyL2learnersmayacquiresomewhatdifferentvarietiesofthetargetlanguagewhentheyhavedifferentfriends.
6.Discusstheimportanceofinput&
interactionforL2learning.Howcouldthisaffectthefeedbackprovidedtostudents?
.a)Fromtheperspectiveoflinguisticapproaches:
(1)behaviorist:
theyconsiderinputtoformthenecessarystimuliandfeedbackwhichlearnersrespondtoandimitate;
(2)UniversalGrammar:
theyconsiderexposuretoinputanecessarytriggerforactivatinginternalmechanisms;
(3)MonitorModel:
considercomprehensibleinputnotonlynecessarybutsufficientinitselftoaccountforSLA;
b)Fromtheperspectiveofpsychologicalapproaches:
(1)IPframework:
considerinputwhichisattendedtoasessentialdataforallstagesoflanguageprocessing;
(2)connectionistframework:
considerthequantityorfrequencyofinputstructurestolargelydetermineacquisitionalsequencing;
c)Fromtheperspectiveofsocialapproaches:
interactionisgenerallyseenasessentialinprovidinglearnerswiththequantityandqualityofexternallinguisticinputwhichisrequiredforinternalprocessing.
ⅱ.OthertypesofinteractionwhichcanenhanceSLAincludefeedbackfromNSswhichmakesNNsawarethattheirusageisnotacceptableinsomeway,andwhichprovidesamodelfor“correctness”.WhilechildrenrarelyreceivesuchnegativeevidenceinL1,anddon’trequireittoachievefullnativecompetence,correctivefeedbackiscommoninL2andmayindeedbenecessaryformostlearnerstoultimatelyreachnative-likelevelsofproficiencywhenthatisthedesiredgoal.
7.ExplainZPD.HowwouldscaffoldingputastudentinZPD?
ZoneofProximalDevelopment,thisisanareaofpotentialdevelopment,wherethelearnercanachievethatpotentialonlywithassistance.Mentalfunctionsthatarebeyondanindividual'
scurrentlevelmustbeperformedincollaborationwithotherpeoplebeforetheyareachievedindependently.OnewayinwhichothershelpthelearnerinlanguagedevelopmentwithintheZPDisthroughscaffolding.Scaffoldingreferstoverbalguidancewhichanexpertprovidestohelpalearnerperformanyspecifictask,ortheverbalcollaborationofpeerstoperformataskwhichwouldbetoodifficultforanyoneofthemindividually.Itisnotsomethingthathappenstolearnersasapassiverecipient,buthappenswithalearnerasanactiveparticipant.
8.Explainwhysomelearnersaremo
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