自考英语词汇学总结重要词条解释(必备)Word下载.doc
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自考英语词汇学总结重要词条解释(必备)Word下载.doc
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1).Linguistics:
Itisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
2).Generallinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguageasawholeiscalledgenerallinguistics.
3).Appliedlinguistics:
Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.
4).Synchronicstudy:
Thestudyofalanguageatsomepointintime.e.g.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisasynchronicstudy.
5).Diachronicstudy:
Thestudyofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.e.g.astudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesinceShakespeare’stimeisadiachronicstudy.
6).Languagecompetence:
Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Atransformational-generativegrammar(转化生成语法)isamodeloflanguagecompetence.
7).Languageperformance:
performanceistheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.
8).Langue:
Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;
Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;
Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently.
9).Parole:
Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;
paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;
parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.
10).Language:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
11).Arbitrariness:
(任意性)Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.
12).Productivity:
(多产性)Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
13).Duality:
Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerorbasiclevel,andtheotherofmeaningsatthehigherlevel.
14).Displacement:
languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
15).Culturaltransmission:
Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.
16).Designfeatures:
Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication
Chapter2:
Phonology音系学
1.Definetheterms:
1).phonetics:
语音学Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;
itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages
2).auditoryphonetics:
听觉语音学Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer’spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.
3).acousticphonetics:
声学语音学Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.
4).internationalphoneticalphabet[IPA]:
Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.
5).?
Broadtranscription:
宽式标音thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly,i.e.oneletter-symbolforonesound.Thisisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks.
6).Narrowtranscription:
isthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.Thisisthetranscriptionusedbythephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.
7).diacritics:
isasetofsymbolswhichcanbeaddedtotheletter-symbolstomakefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemakepossible.
8).Voiceless(清音):
whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.
9).Voicing(浊音):
Soundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.
10).Vowel:
元音thesoundsinproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.
11).Consonants:
辅音thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevo
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