胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记.doc
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胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记.doc
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Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics
1.3 Designfeaturesoflanguage
Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatureswhichcandistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.
1.3.1 Arbitrariness
Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeanings.
1.3.2 Duality
Dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.
1.3.3 Creativity
Creativitymeansthatlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Recursivenessreferstotherulewhichcanbeappliedrepeatedlywithoutanydefinitelimit.Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesatheoreticalbasisforthepossibilityofcreatingendlesssentences.
1.3.4 Displacement
Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofconversation.
加1Discreteness(可分离性)Eachsoundinthelanguageistreatedasdiscrete.
加2Iconicity拟象性:
thedirect/non-arbitrary/non-symbolicrelationbetweenmeaningandform.Thereareresemblancesbetweenthelanguageformandwhattheyreferto.Thatrelationshipiscalledicon.Iconicityexistsinsounds,lexiconsandsyntax.Itisthemotivationbetweenlanguageformsandmeanings.Itisarelationofresemblancebetweenlanguageformandwhattheyreferto.
1.5 Functionsoflanguage
AsisproposedbyJacobson,languagehassixfunctions:
1. Referential:
toconveymessageandinformation;
2. Poetic:
toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake;
3. Emotive:
toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions;
4. Conative:
topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties;
5. Phatic:
toestablishcommunionwithothers;
6. Metalingual:
toclearupintentions,wordsandmeanings.
Halliday(1994)proposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage.Itmeansthatlanguagehasthreemetafunctions:
1. Ideationalfunction:
toconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer;
2. Interpersonalfunction:
embodyingalluseoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelationships;
3. Textualfunction:
referringtothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenandwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.
AccordingtoHuZhuanglin,languagehasatleastsevenfunctions:
1.5.1 Informative
Theinformativefunctionmeanslanguageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenuseittocommunicatenewinformation.
1.5.2 Interpersonalfunction
Theinterpersonalfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.
1.5.3 Performative
Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.
1.5.4 Emotivefunction
Theemotivefunctionisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitissocrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.
1.5.5 Phaticcommunion
Thephaticcommunionmeanspeoplealwaysusesomesmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionssuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Niceday,etc.,tomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.
1.5.6 Recreationalfunction
Therecreationalfunctionmeanspeopleuselanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy’sbabblingorachanter’schanting.
1.5.7 Metalingualfunction
Themetalingualfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.E.g.Icanusetheword“book”totalkaboutabook,andIcanalsousetheexpression“thewordbook”totalkaboutthesign“b-o-o-k”itself.
1.6 Whatislinguistics?
Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanyonecommunity,butthelanguageofallhumanbeings.
1.7 Mainbranchesoflinguistics
1.7.1 Phonetics
Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds,itincludesthreemainareas:
articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.
1.7.2 Phonology
Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.
1.7.3 Morphology
Morphologystudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning–morphemesandword-formationprocesses.
1.7.4 Syntax
Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.
1.7.5 Semantics
Semanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.
1.7.6 Pragmatics
Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaninginco
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