财务风险管理外文翻译英文文献Word文档下载推荐.doc
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财务风险管理外文翻译英文文献Word文档下载推荐.doc
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FinancialRiskManagement
Althoughfinancialriskhasincreasedsignificantlyinrecentyears,riskandriskmanagementarenotcontemporaryissues.Theresultofincreasinglyglobalmarketsisthatriskmayoriginatewitheventsthousandsofmilesawaythathavenothingtodowiththedomesticmarket.Informationisavailableinstantaneously,whichmeansthatchange,andsubsequentmarketreactions,occurveryquickly.Theeconomicclimateandmarketscanbeaffectedveryquicklybychangesinexchangerates,interestrates,andcommodityprices.Counterpartiescanrapidlybecomeproblematic.Asaresult,itisimportanttoensurefinancialrisksareidentifiedandmanagedappropriately.Preparationisakeycomponentofriskmanagement.
WhatIsRisk?
Riskprovidesthebasisforopportunity.Thetermsriskandexposurehavesubtledifferencesintheirmeaning.Riskreferstotheprobabilityofloss,whileexposureisthepossibilityofloss,althoughtheyareoftenusedinterchangeably.Riskarisesasaresultofexposure.
Exposuretofinancialmarketsaffectsmostorganizations,eitherdirectlyorindirectly.Whenanorganizationhasfinancialmarketexposure,thereisapossibilityoflossbutalsoanopportunityforgainorprofit.Financialmarketexposuremayprovidestrategicorcompetitivebenefits.
Riskisthelikelihoodoflossesresultingfromeventssuchaschangesinmarketprices.Eventswithalowprobabilityofoccurring,butthatmayresultinahighloss,areparticularlytroublesomebecausetheyareoftennotanticipated.Putanotherway,riskistheprobablevariabilityofreturns.
Sinceitisnotalwayspossibleordesirabletoeliminaterisk,understandingitisanimportantstepindetermininghowtomanageit.Identifyingexposuresandrisksformsthebasisforanappropriatefinancialriskmanagementstrategy.
HowDoesFinancialRisk?
Financialriskarisesthroughcountlesstransactionsofafinancialnature,includingsalesandpurchases,investmentsandloans,andvariousotherbusinessactivities.Itcanariseasaresultoflegaltransactions,newprojects,mergersandacquisitions,debtfinancing,theenergycomponentofcosts,orthroughtheactivitiesofmanagement,stakeholders,competitors,foreigngovernments,orweather.Whenfinancialpriceschangedramatically,itcanincreasecosts,reducerevenues,orotherwiseadverselyimpacttheprofitabilityofanorganization.Financialfluctuationsmaymakeitmoredifficulttoplanandbudget,pricegoodsandservices,andallocatecapital.
Therearethreemainsourcesoffinancialrisk:
1.Financialrisksarisingfromanorganization’sexposuretochangesinmarketprices,suchasinterestrates,exchangerates,andcommodityprices.
2.Financialrisksarisingfromtheactionsof,andtransactionswith,otherorganizationssuchasvendors,customers,andcounterpartiesinderivativestransactions
3.Financialrisksresultingfrominternalactionsorfailuresoftheorganization,particularlypeople,processes,andsystems
WhatIsFinancialRiskManagement?
Financialriskmanagementisaprocesstodealwiththeuncertaintiesresultingfromfinancialmarkets.Itinvolvesassessingthefinancialrisksfacinganorganizationanddevelopingmanagementstrategiesconsistentwithinternalprioritiesandpolicies.Addressingfinancialrisksproactivelymayprovideanorganizationwithacompetitiveadvantage.Italsoensuresthatmanagement,operationalstaff,stakeholders,andtheboardofdirectorsareinagreementonkeyissuesofrisk.
Managingfinancialrisknecessitatesmakingorganizationaldecisionsaboutrisksthatareacceptableversusthosethatarenot.Thepassivestrategyoftakingnoactionistheacceptanceofallrisksbydefault.
Organizationsmanagefinancialriskusingavarietyofstrategiesandproducts.Itisimportanttounderstandhowtheseproductsandstrategiesworktoreduceriskwithinthecontextoftheorganization’srisktoleranceandobjectives.
Strategiesforriskmanagementofteninvolvederivatives.Derivativesaretradedwidelyamongfinancialinstitutionsandonorganizedexchanges.Thevalueofderivativescontracts,suchasfutures,forwards,options,andswaps,isderivedfromthepriceoftheunderlyingasset.Derivativestradeoninterestrates,exchangerates,commodities,equityandfixedincomesecurities,credit,andevenweather.
Theproductsandstrategiesusedbymarketparticipantstomanagefinancialriskarethesameonesusedbyspeculatorstoincreaseleverageandrisk.Althoughitcanbearguedthatwidespreaduseofderivativesincreasesrisk,theexistenceofderivativesenablesthosewhowishtoreducerisktopassitalongtothosewhoseekriskanditsassociatedopportunities.
Theabilitytoestimatethelikelihoodofafinanciallossishighlydesirable.However,standardtheoriesofprobabilityoftenfailintheanalysisoffinan
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