胡壮麟语言学概论复习要点.docx
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胡壮麟语言学概论复习要点.docx
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语言学概论复习要点一.定义
1language
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication2definefeatures
Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.
3Synchronicvs.diachronic
Asynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent)asitspointofobservation.Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistoryandfocusesonthedifferencesintwoormorethantwostatesoflanguageoverdecadesorcenturies.
4Langue&parole
LangueistheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityParoleisparticularrealizationsoflangue
5Competenceandperformance
Anideallanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesinhislanguageiscalledhislinguisticcompetence.
Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations,thatis,theinfinitevariedindividualactsofverbalbehaviorwithirregularities,inconsistencies,anderrors.
6descriptiveandprescriptive7phonetictranscription
Aphonetictranscriptionisaneconomicalmeansforcapturingsoundsonpaper.
Whenweuseasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscription,itiscalledabroadtranscription.
Theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasanarrowtranscription.8phoneme
Phonemeisaunitofexplicitsoundcontrast.Iftwosoundsinalanguagemakeacontrastbetweentwodifferentwords,theyaresaidtobedifferentphonemes.
phonemeistheminimumphonemicunitthatisnotfurtheranalyzableintosmallerunits.9allophones
[p,ph]aretwodifferentphones(音子)andarevariantsofthephoneme/p/.Suchvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesamephoneme.(Phoneticsimilarity,complementarydistribution)10assimilation
assimilation,aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound
assimilationreferstothephonologicalprocessinwhichatargetoraffectedsegmentundergoesastructuralchangeincertainenvironmentsorcontexts
11distinctivefeatures
distinctivefeaturesarethosephonologicallyrelevantproperties,thatis,thefeatureswhichcandistinguishmeaning,forexample,voicing,placeandmannerofarticulationareallprincipaldistinctivefeaturesofconsonants.
12morphemes
thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.
11
(Freevs.Boundmorphemes:
Freemorphemes:
thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,e.g.boy,girl,table,nation.;Boundmorphemes:
thosethatcannotoccuralone,e.g.-s,-ed,dis-,un-
Rootvs.affixmorphemes:
arootmorphemecanbeaboundoneorafreeone.Anaffixmorphemecanbeainflectionaloneoraderivationalone.
Inflectionalvs.Derivativemorphemes:
Inflectionalmorphemeprovidesfurthergrammaticalmeaningtotheexistinglexicalitem.Derivativemorphemeprovideslexicalinformationtotheexistinglexicalitem)
Root:
A“root”isthebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Inotherwords,a“root”isthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.Affix:
“affix”isacollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeused,onlywhenaddedto
anothermorpheme(therootorstem).Affixesarenaturallyboundandtheyarelimitedinnumberinalanguage.
Stem(词干):
Astemreferstothesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorpheme(曲折詞素)inaword.
Base(词基):
Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded;anyrootorstemcanbetermedabase
13positionalrelation
Positionalrelation,orWORDORDER,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.syntagmatic,horizontalorchainrelations.
14RelationofSubstitutability
TheRelationofSubstitutabilityreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure.
15ConstructionandConstituent
Construction:
thegrammaticalstructureofasentenceoranysmallerunit,representedbyasetofelementsandrelationsbetweenthem.
(Endocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecentreorhead.
Exocentricconstructionreferstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinable“Centre”or“Head”insidethegroup)
Aconstituentisawordoragroupofwordsthatfunctionsasasingleunitwithinahierarchicalstructure.
ICanalysis:
theanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents-wordgroupsorp
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