跨文化交际学考试名词解释docWord文档格式.docx

跨文化交际学考试名词解释docWord文档格式.docx

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intraculturalcommunicationcanbedefinedastheextenttowhichthereissharedinterpersonalcommunicationbetweenmembersofthesameculture–whetherthisisinthemajority.orwithinminoritycultures.

Individualism:

broadlyspeaking,individualismreferstothedoctrinetheatertheinterestsoftheindividualareofoughttobeparamount,andthatallvalues,rightsanddutiesoriginateinindividuals,itemphasizesindividual

initiative,independence,individualexpression,andevenprivacy.

Collectivism:

itischaracterizedbyarigidsocialframeworkthatdistinguishbetweenin-groupsandout-groups.peopleexpecttheirin-grouptolookafterthem,andinexchangeforthatthey

felltheyoweabsoluteloyaltytothegroup.collectivismmeansgreateremphasison

（1）theviews,needs,andgoalsofthein-groupsratherthanoneself;

（2）socialnormsanddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviortogetpleasure;

（3）beliefssharedwiththein-group;

ratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishselffromingroup;

and（4）greatreadinesstocooperatewithingroupmembership.

Powerdistance:

it’stheextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthatpowerinrelationships,institutions,andorganizationsisdistributedunequally.

Context:

it’stheinformationthatsurroundsanevent,itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.

High-contextcommunication:

itisakindofcommunicationinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson;

whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage,e.g.,Chinese,JapaneseLow-contextcommunication:

it’sjusttheoppositeofhigh-contextcommunication.’sitthe

massofinformationisrestedintheexplicitcode,e.g.AmericanGerman

High-contextculture:

it'

sakindofcultureinwhichpeopleareveryhomogeneouswithregardtoexperiences,informationnetworks,andthelike,e.g.Chinese,Japanese

Low-contextculture:

sakindofcultureinwhichthepopulationislesshomogeneousand

thereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts,e.g.American,GermanActivityorientation:

itisthewayacultureviewsactivity,whichisclassifiedbykluckhohnsandstrodtbeckasbeing,being-in-becoming,anddoing.

Nonverbalcommunication:

nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallthosenonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.Paralanguage:

certainvocalcuesprovideduswithinformationwithwhichtomakejudgments

aboutcharacters’personalities’,emotionalStates,andrhetoricalactivity.Paralanguageinvolvesthelinguisticelementsofspeech,thatis,howsomethingissaidandnottheactualmeaningofthespokenwords.mostclassificationsdivideparalanguageintothree

kindsofvocalizations;

vocalcharacterizers;

vocalqualifiers;

andvocalsegregates

M-time（monochromictimeschedule）:

M-timeculturestendtothinkoftimeassomethingfixedinnature,somethingaroundusandfromwhichwecannotescape;

andever-presentpartoftheenvironment,justliketheairwebreatheP-time（polychromictimeschedule）:

P-timeculturesdealwithtimeholisticallyandplacegreatstockintheactivityoccurringatthemoment.Polychronictimeculturesemphasizepeoplemorethanschedules.ForP-timecultures,timeislesstangibleandhencefeeingofwastedtimearenotasprevalentasM-timecultures.

15.Denotation：

theliteralmeaningordefinitionofaword---theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.

16.Connotation：

thesuggestivemeaningofaword---allthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.

19.Chronemics（时间学）：

Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.

20.Proxemics（空间学）：

referstotheperceptionanduseofspace.

21.kinesics（肢体语言）：

Thestudyofbodylanguage.

22.Paralanguage（副语言）：

Involvingsoundsbut

notwordandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.

23.Monochronictime一元时间观念:

meanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.

24.Polychronictime多元时间观念:

meansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce

1.Whatarethefourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage？

P8~9

Fourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage:

Convenienttransportationsystems/Innovativecommunicationsystems/Economicglobalization/Widespreadmigrations

2.Whatarethethreeaspectswhereculturaldifferencesexist?

Verbaldifference:

language,thoughtpatterns

Non-verbalcommunication:

body-language,

timeconcept,spaciouslanguage,paralanguage,

environm