社会心理学考试要点.doc
- 文档编号:1425097
- 上传时间:2022-10-22
- 格式:DOC
- 页数:7
- 大小:110.50KB
社会心理学考试要点.doc
《社会心理学考试要点.doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《社会心理学考试要点.doc(7页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
名词解释
1.socialpsychology:
Thescientificstudyofofhowpeoplethinkabout,influence,andrelatetooneanother.社会心理学是一门就人们如何看待他人(社思),如何影响他人(社影),又如何互相关联(社关)的种种问题进行科学研究的学科。
2.hindsightbias(事后知明偏见):
Thetendencytoexaggerate,afterlearninganoutcome,one’sabilitytohaveforeseenhowsomethingturnedout.
3.fieldresearch(田园研究):
researchdoneinnatural,real-lifesettingsoutsidethelaboratory
Correlationalresearch(相关研究):
askingwhethertwoormorefactorsarenaturallyassociated.(statusandlongevity)detectingnaturalassociations.
Advantages:
involvingimportantvariablesinnaturalsettings.(race,genderandsocialstatus)
Disadvantages:
ambiguousinterpretationofcauseandeffect..
Correlationalresearchallowsustopredict,butitcannottelluswhetherchangingonevariablewillcausechangesinanother.
Experimentresearch(实验研究):
manipulatingsomefactortoseeitseffectanother.)ExperimentalDesignstodeterminecausation
Control
RandomAssignment:
thegreatequalizer.(随机分配)
Randomassignmentcaneliminatesallextraneousfactors.Withrandomassignment,eachpersonhasanequalchance
Solutions:
Singleanddouble-blindprocedures(单盲或双盲实验)
Theethicsofexperimentation
Socialpsychologistsoftenalterpeople’ssocialexperienceandnotetheeffect.Sometimes,researchersfindthemselvesoperatinginagrayareabetweentheharmlessandtherisky.
4.spotlighteffect(焦点效应):
wetendtoseeourselvesatcenterstage,andsointuitively(直观的)overestimate(高估)theextent(程度)towhichother’sattentionisaimedatus.
Illusionoftransparency(透明度错觉):
Peoplecankeenlyawareofourownemotions.Fewerpeoplenoticethanwepresume.
5.self-concept(自我概念):
Aperson’sanswerstothequestion,”whoamI?
”
6.self-referenceeffect(自我参照效应):
thetendencytoprocessefficientlyandrememberwellinformationrelatedtooneself.
7.socialcomparison(社会比较):
Othersaroundushelptodefinethestandardbywhichwedefineourselvesasrichorpoor,smartordumb:
wecompareourselveswiththemandconsiderhowwediffer
社会比较的三种类型:
上行社会比较:
即与比自己成就大得多的人比较。
下行社会比较:
同不如你的人做比较。
与自己相仿的人做比较
8.individualism(个人主义):
Individualism:
theconceptofgivingprioritytoone’sowngoalsovergroupgoalsanddefiningone’identityintermsofpersonalattributesratherthangroupidentifications
Collectivism(集体主义):
Givingpriority(优先)tothegoalsofone’groupsanddefineone’identityaccordingly
9.self-efficacy(自我效能感):
thesubjectivejudgmentofone’sabilitybeforeyoudosomething.Asensethatoneiscompetentandeffective,distinguishedfromself-esteem,one’senseofself-worth.
10.learnedhelplessness(习得性无助):
Depressedoroppressedpeoplebecomepassivebecausetheybelievetheireffortshavenoeffect
11.self-esteem(自尊):
Aperson’soverallself-evaluationorsenseofself-worth.
12.self-servingbias(自我服务偏见):
Thetendencytoperceiveoneselffavorably.
13.false-consensuseffect(虚假普遍性):
Onmattersofopinion,wefindsupportforourpositionsbyoverestimatingtheextenttowhichothersagree.
Falseuniqueness(虚假独特性):
Onmattersofabilityorwhenwebehavewellorsuccessfully,afalseuniquenesseffectmoreoftenoccurs.
14.self-handicapping(自我设限):
protectingone’sself-imagewithbehaviorthatcreateahandyexcuseforlaterfailure.
15.attributiontheory(归因理论):
thetheoryofhowweexplainpeople’behavior.Heiderconcludedthatpeopletendtoattributesomeone’sbehaviortointernalcauseorexternalcause.
海德认为人们对过去的成功或失败主要归结于四个方面的因素:
努力、能力、任务难度和机遇。
这四种因素又可按内外因、稳定性和可控性进一步分类:
从内外因方面来看,努力和能力属于内因,而任务难度和机遇则属外部原因;从稳定性来看能力和任务难度属于稳定因素,努力与机遇则属不稳定因素;从可控性来看,努力是可以控制的因素,而任务难度和机遇则超出个人控制范围。
Commonsenseattribution(常识性归因):
Intestimonytothereasonablewaysinwhichweexplainbehavior,attributiontheoristHaroldKelleydescribedhowweuseinformationaboutconsistency,‘distinctiveness’,and‘consensus’.凯利认为,人们对行为归因总是涉及三个方面的因素
(1)客观刺激物;
(2)行动者;(3)所处关系或情境;
对上述三个因素的任何一个因素的归因都取决于下列三种行为信息:
1.区别性:
指行动者是否对同类其它刺激做出相同的反应,他是在众多场合下都表现出这种行为还是仅在某一特定情境下表现这一行为。
如果行为的区分性低,则观察者可能会对行为内部归因;如果行为的区分性高,则活动原因可能会被归于外部。
2.一贯性:
指行动者是否在任何情境和任何时候对同一刺激物做相同的反应,即行动者的行为是否稳定持久。
3.一致性:
指其他人对同一刺激物是否也做出与行为者相同的方式反应。
如果每个人面对相似的情境都有相同的反应,我们说该行为表现出一致性。
16.illusorycorrelation(错觉关联):
perceptionofarelationshipwherenoneexists,orperceptionofastrongerrelationshipthanactuallyexists.
17.attitude(态度):
afavorableorunfavorableevaluativereactiontowardsomethingorsomeone,exhibitedinone’sbelief,feeling,orintendedbehavior.
18.foot-in-the-door-phenomenon(登门槛效应):
thetendencyforpeoplewhohavefirstagreedtoasmallrequesttocomplylaterwithalargerrequest.
19.self-perceptiontheory(自我知觉理论):
thetheorythatwhenweareunsureofourattitudes,weinferthemmuchaswouldsomeoneobservingus,bylookingatourbehaviorandthecircumstancesunderwhichitoccurs.
20.aggression(攻击):
physicalorverbalbehaviorintendedtohurtsomeone.Inlaboratoryexperiments,thismightmeandeli
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 社会心理学 考试 要点
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)