语言学笔记Word下载.doc
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语言学笔记Word下载.doc
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studylanguageasawhole
Specificaspects:
1)Phonetics:
thestudyofsounds
2)Phonology:
howsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaning
3)Morphology:
howsymbolsareformedandcombinedtoformword
4)Syntax:
studytherulesofhowtoformgrammaticallycorrectsentence
5)Semantics:
thestudyofmeaning
6)Pragmatics:
thestudyofmeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse
Interdisciplinarybranches:
1)Sociolinguistics
2)Psycholinguistics
3)Appliedlinguistics
lImportantdistinctions
Prescriptiveanddescriptive:
1)Descriptive:
Describeandanalyzethelanguagethatpeopleactuallyuse
2)Prescriptive:
Laydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguage
3)Modernlanguageismostlydescriptive.Modernlanguage,whichisscientificandobjective,describeslanguagepeopleactuallyuse,beitcorrectornot.
Synchronicanddiachronic
1)Synchronic:
describelanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory,alwaysinitscurrentexistence.
2)Diachronic:
thedescriptionoflanguageasitchangesthroughtime;
itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.
3)Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicapproachenjoyspriority.
Speechandwriting
Speechispriortowritinginlinguistics,foritismorenaturalandrevealsmoretruefeatureoflanguage.
Langueandparole
1)Langue:
abstractsystemsharedbyallmembersoflanguagecommunity;
itisthesetofconventionsandrulesthatlanguageusershaveabideby
2)Parole:
Concreteuseoflanguage.
3)Saussure:
1)paroleissimplyamassoflinguisticlanguagefacts;
2)linguistshouldabstractlanguefromparole,i.e.todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguage
CompetenceandPerformance-AmericanlinguistChomsky
1)Competence:
knowledgeofrulesoflanguage
2)Performance:
therealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication
3)Theimperfectperformanceiscausedbysocialandpsychologicalfactors.
Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics
1)Linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.
2)Modernlinguisticsregardspokenlanguageasprimary.
3)ModernlinguisticsdoesnotforcelanguagesintoLatin-basedframework.
Whatislanguage?
lDefinitionoflanguage
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
1)Languageisasystem,whichmeanselementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.
2)Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.
3)Languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguageissound.
4)Languageishuman-specific.
lDesignfeature
1)Arbitrariness:
logicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds.Whilesomewordsaremotivated:
thefirstareonomatopoeicwords,suchasrumble,crash,bang;
thesecondarecompoundwords,e.g.photocopy.Thiskindofwordsonlymakeupsmallpercentageofvocabulary.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophistica-tionoflanguageandmakeitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.
2)Productivity:
languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
3)Duality:
basiclevel:
astructureofsounds
Higherlevel:
soundsoflanguagecanberearrangedintomorphemesandwords
4)Displacement:
不受时空限制的
5)Culturaltransmission:
humanhavetobelearnedandtaughtbeacquirelanguage.
lFunctionsoflanguage
Descriptivefunction:
conveyfactualinformation
Expressivefunction:
suppliesinformation
Socialfunction:
maintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople
StructurallinguistRomanJakobson
Addresser---emotive:
addresserexpresshisattitudetowardsthetopicorsituation
Addressee---conative:
theaddresseraimstoinfluenceaddressee’saction
Context---referential:
addresserconveysamessageorinformation
Message---poetic:
uselanguagetodisplaythebeautyoflanguage
Contact---phaticcommunication:
ittriestoestablishormaintaininterpersonalrelations
Code---metalinguistic:
makeclearthemeaningoflanguageitself
Inearly1970BritishlinguistM.A.K.Halliday
7functioninchildren.
3inadults:
Ideationalfunction:
organizeone’sexperience,attitude,evaluation,feeling,andemotions
Interpersonalfunction:
establishandmaintaininterpersonalrelations
Textualfunction:
organizewrittenorspokenEnglishinsuchamannerthattheyarecohere
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