名词解释 (1).doc

名词解释 (1).doc

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1.Culture:

Culturecanbedefinedasthecoherentlearned,sharedviewofagroupofpeopleaboutlife’sconcernsthatrankswhatisimportant,furnishesattitudesaboutwhatthingsareappropriate,anddictatesbehavior.

2.Maslowchart

MaslowchartislikeapyramidandwasputforwardbyAbrahamMaslow,apsychologist,hassuggestedthatpeopleallovertheworldsharefivebasicneeds:

thephysiologicalneeedswhichisconsiderasourfundamentalneeds,thesafetyneedsconcludephysicallysafeandpsychologicalsafe,thebelongingnessneedsforthereasonthatoncewearealiveandsafe,wethentrytosatisfyoursocialneeds,theesteemneedswhicharerecognition,respectandreputation,theself-actualizationneedswhichisthehighestneedofapersontoactualizeoneself,toreachone’sfullpotential,tobecomeallthatheorshemightbe.

3.EncodingandDecoding

Theprocessoftransformingideasandfeelingsintosymbolsandorganizingthemiscalledencodingamessage;theprocessoftransformingmessagebackintoideasandfeelingiscalleddecoding.Theencodinganddecodingprocessincludenonverbalcues,whichsignificantlyaffectthemeaningcreatedbetweentheparticipantsinacommunicationtransaction.

4.Hofstede’sculturaldimensions.

Hofstede’sculturaldimensionsofferanotherapproachtounderstandingtherangeofculturaldifferences.Itcanbedividedintofivedimensions:

individualismversuscollectivism,uncertaintyavoidance,powerdistance,masculinityversusfemininity,andlong-termversusshort-termorientationtotime.Hisworkprovidesanexcellentsummaryoftherelationshipbetweenculturalvaluesandsocialbehaviors.

5.High-contextculture

High-contextculturesprefertousehigh-contextmessageswhichareimplicit,indirect,conveyedprimarilythroughthecontextorthesocialsituation.Inhigh-contextcultures,peopleareveryhomogeneouswithregardtoexperiences,informationnetworks,andthelikeandinformationisoftenprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence.

6.Low-contextculture

Low-contextculturesprefertouselow-contextmessages,inwhichthemajorityoftheinformationisvestedinexplicitcode.Inlow-contextcultures,thepopulationislesshomogeneousandthereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts.

7.Connotation

Connotationsrefertotheadditionalmeaningsthatawordorphrasehasbeyonditscentralmeaning.Thesemeaningsshowpeople’sattitudesorfeelingstowardwhatthewordorphraserefersto.Connotativemeaningsreflectthevaluingprocessofinterpretation.

8.Denotation

Denotationsofawordorphrasearethemeaningsthatrelateittotheobjectsorconceptsreferredto,theactualorfictional“thing”thataresymbolized.Mostwords,especiallysimpleconcretewords,haveseveraldenotations.

9.linguisticrelatively/determinism（TheSapir-Whorfhypothesis）

ThecentralideaoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesisisthatlanguagefunctions,notsimplyasadeviceforreportingexperience,butalso,andmoresignificantly,asawayofdefiningexperienceforitsspeakers.TheultimatevalueoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesisisthatitoffershintstoculturaldifferencesandsimilaritiesamongpeople.

10.Highinvolvementstyle

Manypeoplefromculturesthatprefer“highinvolvement”stylestendtotalkmore,interruptmore,expecttobeinterrupted,talkmoreloudlyattimesandtalkmorequicklythanthosefrom“highconsiderateness:

styles.

11.Highconsideratenessstyle

Peoplefromculturesthatfavor“highconsiderateness”stylestendto:

speakoneatatime,usepolitelisteningsounds,refrainfrominterrupting,andgiveplentyofpositiveandrespectfulresponsestotheirconversationpartners.

12.Verbalcommunication

Verbalcommunicationreferstothecommunicationthatitiscarriedouteitherinoralorinwrittenformwiththeuseofwords.

13.Nonverbalcommunication

Itreferstocommunicationthroughawholevarietyofdifferenttypesofsightcomeintopaly,includingthewaywemore,thegesturesweemploy,thepostureweadopt,thefacialexpressionwewearthedirectionofourgaze,totheextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestandfromeachother.

14.Individualisticculture

Peopletendtoencountermoresituationshatemphasizethepreferentialuseofdirecttalk,person-orientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-enhancement,andtalkativeness.

15.collectivisticculture

Peopletendtoencountermoresituationsthatemphasizethepreferentialuseofindirecttalk,statusorientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-effacementandsilence.

16.Paralanguage

Paralanguageliesbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.Itinvolvessoundsbutnotwordsandcanbedividedintothreecategories:

voicequality,vocalqualifiers,andvocalization.

17.M-time

M-timeischaracteristicofpeoplefromGermany,Austric,Switzerland,andAmerica.This