华中师范大学08年考博真题.doc
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华中师范大学08年考博真题.doc
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2008年华中师范大学博士研究生
入学考试英语试题(A卷)
(注意:
答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试卷上无效)
PartIReadingComprehension(40%)
Directions:
Inthisparttherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheoneyouthinkisthebestanswer,andthenwriteyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.
PassageOne
InAmerica’sfiercelyadversariallegalsystem,agoodlawyerisessential.AskO.JSimpson.Inalandmarkcase35yearsago,Gideonv.Wainwright,aunanimousSupremeCourtruledthatindigentdefendantsmustbeprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpensebecausetherecouldbenofairtrialinaseriouscriminalcasewithoutone.“Thisseemstoustobeanobvioustruth,”wroteJusticeHugoBlackinhisopinion.Atthetime,thedecisionwashailedasatriumphforjustice,anexampleofAmerica’scommitmenttotheidealofequalitybeforethelaw.
ThisistheimagemostAmericansstillhaveoftheircriminal-justicesystem---thefairestintheworld,inwhichanydefendant,nomatterhow,getsasmartlawyerwho,toooften,managestogettheculpritoffonatechnicality.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.About80%ofpeopleaccusedofafelonyhavetodependonapublicly-providedlawyer;butoverthepasttwodecadestheeagernessofpoliticianstolookharshoncrime,theirreluctancetopayforpublicdefenders,andaseriesofSupremeCourtjudgmentsrestrictingthegroundsforappealhavemadeamockeryofGideon.Todaymanyindigentdefendants,includingthosefacinglongtermsofimprisonmentorevendeath,aretreatedtoa“meet’emandplead’em”defense---abriefconsultationinwhichaharriedorincompetentlawyerencouragesthemtopleadguiltyonifthatfail,strugglethroughashorttrialinwhichthedefenseismassivelyoutgunnedbyamoreexperienced,better-paidandbetter-preparedprosecutor.
“Wehaveawealth-basedsystemofjustice,”saysStephenBright,thedirectoroftheSouthernCenterforHumanRights.“Forthewealthy,it’sgold-plated.Fortheaveragepoorperson,it’slikebeingherdedtotheslaughter-house.Inmanyplacestheadversarialsystembarelyexistsforthepoor.”
Manylawyers,ofcourse,havemadeheroiceffortsforparticulardefendantsforlittleornopay,butthecharityoflawyerscanbereliedontohandleonlyatinyfractionofcases.Asspendingonpolice,prosecutorsandprisonshassteadilyclimbedinthepastdecade,increasingthenumberofpeoplechargedandimprisoned,spendingonindigentdefensehasnotkeptpaceoverwhelminganalreadyhard-pressedsystem.
1.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatO.JSimpsonwasprobably______.
A.apersonwhowasfoundnotguiltybecausehehiredaverygoodlawyer.
B.apersonwhowonhiscasebecausehewasprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpense.
C.apersonwhowasdeniedalawyerandthuslosthiscaseinthecourt.
D.abrilliantlawyerwhowonnumerouscasesfortheaveragepoorpeople.
2.Whatistheauthor’sviewofAmerica’sadversariallegalsystem?
A.Itistheembodimentoftheidealofequalitybeforethelaw.
B.Itisthefairestcriminal-justicesystemintheworld.
C.Asitis,itbenefitstherichbutworksagainstthepoor.
D.Itisunfairbynatureandshouldbeoverhauled.
3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
A.Lawyerswhoprovidedefenseforthepooroftenworkheroicallyforlittleornopayatall.
B.Ascrimerateincreases,Americanpoliticianshavebecomemoretoleranttowardscrimethanbefore.
C.InAmerica,ifapersonrefusestoacceptthejudgmentofalowercourt,hecanalwaysappealtotheSupremeCourt.
D.Government-providedlawyerstendtogothroughtheformalitiesofdefenseandprovetobenomatchfortheprosecutors.
4.Whatistheauthor’sspecificpurposeinwritingthispassage?
A.Toappealformorepublicspendingoncourtdefenseforthepoor.
B.TocriticizeAmerica’sfiercelyadversariallegalsystem.
C.TodrawattentiontotheinjusticeoftheAmericanlegalsystem.
D.Tomakeasuggestiononhowtomendthecriminal-justicesystem.
PassageTwo
Themediacanimpactcurrentevents.AsagraduatestudentatBerkeleyinthe1960s,IrememberexperiencingtheeventsrelatedtothePeople’sParkthatwereoccurringoncampus.SomeoftheseeventsweregivennationalmediacoverageinthepressandonTV.Ifounditinterestingtocomparemyimpressionsofthatwasgoingonwithperceptionsobtainedfromthenewsmedia.Icouldbegintoseeeventsofthattimefeedonnewscoverage.Thisalsoprovidedmewithsomehealthyinsightsintothedistinctionsbetweentheserealities.
Electronicmediaarehavingagreaterimpactonthepeople’sliveseveryday.Peoplegathermoreandmoreoftheirimpressionsfromrepresentations.Televisionandtelephonecommunicationsarelinkingpeopletoaglobalvillage,orwhatonewritercallstheelectroniccity.Considerthein
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