英语专八听力minilecture原文+解析文档格式.docx
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英语专八听力minilecture原文+解析文档格式.docx
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今年的讲座名为“ParalinguisticFeaturesofLanguages”,主题是辅助语言学,对于英语专业的学生来说,这个话题或许没有专门学过,但并不陌生。
讲座类的内容非常突出的特点就是逻辑性强,思路很清晰,所以在听音频做笔记的时候,要特别注意总起性质的句子。
一般来说lecture的第一段会对接下来的内容做总结介绍,如果下文划分成若干个小类别,会概括性地提到这些类别,然后在后文进行详细的例证、再分类。
第一段对给考生一个宏观性的思路非常重要,听漏掉一两点也没关系,下文必然会重新提到。
本次真题的听力原文如下,注意文章中标粗的部分,是记笔记的重点部分:
Paralinguisticfeaturesoflanguages
Goodmorning,everyone.Todaywe'
llcontinueourdiscussionondescribinglanguage.Lastweekweexaminedsuchfeaturesoflanguage
way.Letmegiveyousomeexamples.Thefirstiswhispering,whichindicatestheneedsforsecrecy.Thesecondisbreathiness.Thisistoshowdeepemotion.Thethirdishuskiness,whichistoshowunimportants.Thefourthisnasality.Thisistoindicateanxiety.Thelastisextralip-rounding,whichexpressesgreaterintimacy,expeciallywithbabies,forexample.Sowecanseethatthereareanumberofwaysofalteringourtoneofvoice.Andwhenwedothisconsciously,wedoittocreatedifferenteffectsincommunication.
Now,let'
scometothesecondcategory,physicalparalinguisticfeatures,whichinvolvesthebody.Inadditiontoconveymeaningswithtoneofvoice,wecanalsoexpressourintentionsthroughthewaysinwhichweuseourbodies.Youmayask:
whataretheways,then?
Letmesightsomebriefexamples.Theexpressiononourface,thegestureswemakeandevenproximityorwaywesit,aresomeofthewayswesendpowerfulmessages.Abouthowwefeel,orwhatwemean.Letmeexplainsomeoftheseinmoredetail.First,facialexpression.Facialexpressionisapowerfulconveyerofmeaning.Weallknowsmilingisanalmostuniversalsignalofpleasureorwelcome.Butthereareotherfacialexpressionsthatmaynotbesocommon.Forinstance,raisingeye-brows-suggestthatyouaresurprisedorinterestedinsomething.Otherfacialactions,suchasbitingyourlip,whichindicatesthatyouaredeepinthinking,orareuncertainaboutsomething;
compressingthelips,whichshowthatyouaremakingdecisions;
andavisibleclenchingoftheteeth,toshowthatyouareangry,areallpowerfulconveyersofmeaning,too.Thesecondinthiscategoryisgesture.Yousee,weusegesturetoindicateawiderangeofmeanings.ThoughIhavetoemphasizethattheactualgesturesweusemaybespecifictoparticularcultures.Thatistosaydifferentcultureshavetheirownfavoritegesturesinconveyingmeaning.Here,afewexamplesmayshowyouhowpowerfulgesturescanbe.InBritishEnglishbehavior,shruggingshouldersmayindicateanattitudeof‘Idon'
tcare'
or‘Idon'
tknow'
.Crossingyourarmsmayindicaterelaxation.Butitcanalsopowerfullyshowyouarebored.Wavingcanmeanwelcomeandfarewell.Whilescratchingyourheadmayindicatethatyouareataloss.Inothercultures,placingyourhanduponyourheartistoindicatethatyouaretellingthetruth.Pointingyourfingeratyournosemeansit'
sasecret.That'
swhywesaythatgesturesareculturebound.Thethirdisproximity,postureandechoing.Proximityreferstothephysicaldistancebetweenspeakers.Thiscanindicateanumberofthingsandcanalsobeusedtoconsciouslysendmessagesaboutintent.Closeness,forexample,indicatesintimacyorthreattomanyspeakers.Butdistancemayshowformality,orlackofinterest.Onceagain,I'
dliketosay,proximityisalsobothamatterofpersonalstyle,andisoftenculturebound.So,whatmayseemnormaltoaspeakerfromoneculturemayappearunnecessarilycloseordistanttoaspeakerfromanother.Andstandingclosetosomeonemaybequiteappropriateinsomesituationssuchasaninformalparty,butcompletelyoutofplaceinothersituations,suchasameetingwithasuperior.Next,posture.Posturemeansthewayinwhichsomeoneholdshisorherbody,especiallytheback,shouldersandhead,whenstanding,walkingorsitting.Afewexamples.Hunchedshouldersandahangingheadgiveapowerfulindicationofwhetherthepersonishappyornot.Aloweredheadwhenspeakingtoasuperior,withorwithouteyecontactcanconveytheappropriaterelationshipinsomecultures.Ontheotherhand,directleveleyecontact,changesthenatureofinteraction,andcanbeenseenaseitheropenorchallenging.Last,echoing.Now,whatisechoing?
Letmestartwithanexample.Someofyoumayhavenoticedthisphenomenoninyourexperience.Whentwopeoplearekeentoagreeeachother,theywouldlikely,thoughunconsciouslyadoptthesameposture,asifanimitationofeachother.Theysitorstandinthesamemanor.Whenusedinthisway,echoingappearstocomplementtheverbalcommunication.Ofcourse,whensuchimitationiscarriedoutconsciously,itoftenindicatesthatsomeoneismarkingatanotherspeaker.
Ok,intoday'
slecture,welookedatsomeparalinguisticfeatures,suchastoneofvoice,gestureandposture.Thesefeatures,togetherwithlinguisticfeaturesof
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