MoodandModalityPPT资料.ppt
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MoodandModalityPPT资料.ppt
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(2)ExchangeofinformationIfyousaysthtosbwiththeaimofgetingsbtotellyousth,whatisdemandedisinformation,theanswerisavebalone.eg:
Whereareyougoing?
Fourprimaryspeechfunctions:
(言语功能),Mood语气,InEnglish,statements,questions,responsesareexpressedbyaparticularkindofgrammaticalvariation,whichextendsoverjustonepartoftheclause,leavingtheremainderunaffected.eg:
Thedukesgivenawaythatteapot,hasnthe?
Oh,hashe?
Yes,hehas.No,hehasnt!
Iwishhehad.Hehasnt;
buthewill.Willhe?
Hemight.Oneparticularcomponentoftheclauseisbeingtossedbackandforthinaseriesofrhetoricalexchanges;
thiscomponentcarriestheargumentforward.Theremaindergivenawaythatteapotisleftout.ThispartiscalledtheMoodelement.(Haliday,2008:
111),Moodelement,Itconsistsoftwoparts;
(1)TheSubject(主语),whichisanominalgrouporaclause
(2)TheFiniteelement(限定成分),whichispartofaverbalgroup,expressingtense(is,has)ormodality(can,must)表达时态或情态的助动词TheremainderoftheclauseisResidue.(剩余成分).eg:
Hemightgiveawaythatteapot.SubjectFiniteResidue,Subject主语,TheSubjectsuppliessthbyreferencetowhichthepropositioncanbeaffirmedordenied.主语是肯定或者否定一个命题的基点。
Itisresponisbleforthevalidityofthepropositionorproposal.主语是对命题或提议的有效和成功负责的成分。
主语和限定成分的辨别:
在陈述句的句末加上一个附加疑问句(tag)eg:
IthinkMaryisright,isntshe?
所以此句中的主语即为附加疑问句中的she所代指的成分Mary,而非I,TheFiniteelement限定成分,Function:
makingthepropositionfiniteandmakingitarguable.作用就是限定命题,使其成为实际存在的,可议论的概念。
其功能就是对议论命题提供参考点(reference),将命题与交际中的语境联系起来。
Tworeference:
(primarytense,modality)
(1)thetimeofspeakingeg:
Shewassleeping.其中的was
(2)thejudgementofthespeakereg:
Itcantbetrue.其中的cant,Primarytense(主要时态):
past,present,future,其意义是讲话时的过去、现在、将来,相对于现在的时间。
Apropositionmaybecomearguablethroughbeinglocatedintimebyreferencetothespeechevent.eg:
did,was,does,is,will,shall,etc.Modality情态指讲话者对他讲话中所涉及的概率或者频率,以及义务和意愿所作出的判断,由情态助动词(modalverbs)表达。
eg:
can,could,must,cant,couldnt,wont,etc.要使某个命题或者建议成为可议论的概念,还需表明它是“肯定的”还是“否定的”,“是这样”还是“不是这样”Inadditiontotenseandmodality,finitenessalsorealizeseitherpositiveornegativepolarity(归一性)did,didnt,StructureoftheResidue剩余成分,eg:
Thedukehadgivenmyauntthatteapot.Predicator谓语thewholeverbalgroupexcepttheFiniteelement;
non-finiteinitselfeg:
hasbeenworking中,beenworking是谓语上句中given是谓语Complement补语ItisanelementwithintheResiduethathasthepotentialofbingSubjectbutisnot.Itisrealizedbyanominalgroup.不是主语,可能充当主语的成分上句中的myaunt和theteapot都是补语即:
在语气结构中,补语包括传统语法中的宾语和补语,Adjunct附加语ItisanelementthathasnotgotthepotentialofbeingSubject.不能做主语的成分。
通常由副词词组或者介词词组来实现。
Myauntwasgiventhatteapotyesterdaybytheduke.其中yesterday和bytheduke是附加语eg:
Susanhasboughtabookforherbrother.subjectfinitepredicatorcomplementadjunct,以上特征可以表示为:
1.由“主语+限定成分”构成的语气部分体现直陈特征(indicative)2.在直陈句中,主语和限定成分的次序起着重要作用:
(1)主语在前,限定成分在后,体现陈述语气(declarative)eg:
Hemightgiveawaythatteapot.
(2)限定成分在前,主语在后,体现是非疑问语气(yes/no)eg:
Willhegiveawaythatteapot?
(3)在表示特殊疑问语气时:
a,特指成分做主语,主语位于限定成分前;
b,其他成分做主语,主语在限定成分之后eg:
Whokilledthegirl?
Whoselittleboyareyou?
PrinciplesinexpressionofMood:
Anindependentclauseiseitherindicativeorimperitive.Indicativeisusedtoexchangeinformation;
withinthecategoryofindicative,theexpressionofastatementisdeclarative,thatofaquestionisinterrogative;
andwithinthecategoryofinterrogative,afurtherdistinctionbetweenyes/nointerrgoative,forpolarquestion,andWH-interrogative,forcontentquestion.Imerativeisusedtoputforwarddemands,orders,offersoradvices.,Modality情态,Modalityexpressestheattitudeorjudgementofthespeakeraboutwhathehassaid.情态表达讲话者对自己讲的命题成功性和有效性所作的判断,或在命令中要求对方承担的义务,在提议中要表达的个人意愿。
Thispartofinterpersonalfunctionisrealizedbythemodalsystem(情态系统).广义的情态系统:
情态(表命题)和意态(表提议)狭义的情态:
表达命题的情态(概论和频率),Modalization情态化
(1)Inaproposition,themeaningofthepositiveandnegativepoleisassertinganddenying(断言和否定).两个中介值:
不同值的概率probability(possibly/probably/certainly)不同值的频率usuality(sometimes/usually/always)概率和频率有三种表示方法:
(1)限定情态动词(thatmusthaveknown)
(2)表示概率或频率的情态附加语(theyprobablyknow)(3)两者同时使用(theycertainlymusthaveknown),情态
(1)Inastatementthemodalityisanexpressionofthespeakersopinion.陈述句中,情态表达说话人观点eg:
ThatwillbeJohn=ThatsJohn,Ithink.
(2)Inaquestionthemodalityisarequestforthelistenersopinion.疑问句中,情态表示征求听话人观点eg:
Will
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