中英文 珍贵 跨文化交际学概论课件资料Word格式.docx
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中英文 珍贵 跨文化交际学概论课件资料Word格式.docx
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1.Cultureisnotinnate;
itislearned;
2.Cultureistransmissiblefrompersontoperson,grouptogroup,andgenerationtogeneration;
3.Cultureisadynamicsystemthatchangescontinuouslyovertime;
4.Cultureisselective;
(everyculturerepresentsalimitedchoiceofbehaviorpatterns)
5.Cultureiscomposedofinterrelatedfacets;
6.Cultureisethnocentric(centerednessonone’sowngroup).
TheAmericansociolinguistD.Hymespointedoutthatpeoplewithcommunicativecompetenceshouldknowwhen,whereandwhattospeaktowhomandhow.
Modelsofcommunication
Theoretically,themodelofcommunicationisalwaysdescribedinthefollowingway:
Communicationisexchanginginformationintheformofmessages,symbols,thoughts,signsandopinions.
TheIngredientsofCulture
●Language;
●Religion;
●Valuesandattitudes;
●Education;
●Socialorganization;
●Technologyandmaterialculture;
●Politics;
●Law
InterculturalCommunication(IC)
●Initsmostgeneralsense,ICreferstothoseoccasionswhenamemberofone
cultureproducesamessageforconsumptionbyamemberofanotherculture.(p70,Samovar&
Porter)
●Moreprecisely,ICreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculture
perceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.(p70,Samovar&
Porter)跨文化交际:
指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人们之间进行的交际。
胡文仲:
具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际。
Timeorientation:
(Hall,1976):
美国人类学家霍尔(EdwardHall)在《超越文化》(BeyondCulture)一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念,即“单向计时制”(monochronictime)和“多向计时制”(polychronictime).
1.MonochronicTime(M-Time)
Itschedulesoneeventatatime.Intheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture.e.g.AmericanPeople
1.1单向计时制重视日程安排、阶段时间和准时;
1.2认为“时间是线性的、可分割的,就像一条道路或带子向前伸展到未来,向后延伸到过去”。
1.3认为同时做两件事几乎有点不道德;
1.4持有这种时间取向的英美人士把时间看成具体实在(tangible)的东西,可以节省(save)、花费(spend)、赚得(earn)、浪费(waste)、失去(lose)、弥补(makeup)、计量(measure)、甚至当成商品一样买卖(buy,sell)和拥有(have)。
美国人特别强调把时间分割成不同的时段来安排活动,强调守时,严格按照日程一次做一件事情(doonethingatatime).
2.PolychronicTime(P-Time)
2.1P-timeschedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Itisflexibleandmorehumanistic.
2.2PeoplefromP-timesystememphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedules.Theydonotseeappointmentsasironcladcommitmentsandoftenbreakthem.
e.g.Chinese,LatinAmerican,ArabandmostAsiancultures
NegativeimpactsinIC:
1.Ethnocentrism
2.AnxietyandUncertainty
3.Stereotypes
4.Prejudice
5.Discrimination&
Racism
Ifpeoplebelievethattheircultureistheonlytrueculture,theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesandbehaviors.
2.1Anxietyreferstothefeelingofbeinguneasy,tense,worried,orapprehensiveaboutwhatmighthappy.
2.2Uncertaintyreferstoourinabilitytopredictorexplainothers’behavior,feelings,attitudes,behavior,orvalues.
Ourabilitytocommunicateeffectivelyisbased,atleastinpart,onourabilitytomanageouranxietyanduncertainty.
AnxietyandUncertaintyManagement(AUM)Theory(Gudykunst,1995):
AUMmanagementtheorysuggeststhateffectiveinterpersonalandintergroupcommunicationisafunctionofhowindividualsmanagetheanxietyanduncertaintytheyexperiencewhencommunicating
withothers.
3.1Stereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople,orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatareusedtostandfortheentirecollectionofpeople.(WalterLippmann)
3.2Humanbeingshaveapsychologicalneedtocategorizeandclassify.
Itreferstonegativeattitudestowardsotherpeoplethatarebasedonfaultyandinflexiblestereotypes.Itisanunfair,biased,orintolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.(Lusting&
Koester)
5.Discrimination
Itreferstothebehavioralmanifestationsoftheprejudice,itcanbethoughtofasprejudice“inaction”.(Lusting&
Racism
Thebeliefthatraceaccountsfordifferencesinhumancharacterorabilityandthataparticularraceissuperiortoothers.
Ethnocentrism:
Ifpeoplebelievethattheircultureistheonlytrueculture,theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesan
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