商槪商学精要期末重点整理版Word格式文档下载.docx
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商槪商学精要期末重点整理版Word格式文档下载.docx
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rewardsforbusinesspeoplewhotaketherisks
2.Distinguishbetweenbusinessandnot-for-profitorganizations
•Businessconsistsofallprofit-seekingactivitiesandenterprisesthatprovidegoodsandservicesnecessarytoaneconomicsystem.['
entəpraɪz]事业,项目
Not-for-profitorganizationsarebusinesslikeestablishments(机构;
团体;
企业)thathaveprimaryobjectivesotherthanreturningprofitstotheirowners.Itoperatesinbothpublicserviceandprivatesector(部门,行业,领域).
3.Identifythefactorsofproduction.
Labor,capital,entrepreneurs([ˌɒntrəprə'
nɜ:
(r)]企业家),physicalresources,informationresources.
4.Globaleconomicsystems
Plannedeconomy,marketeconomyandmixedeconomies
•PlannedEconomy:
Ø
Aneconomicsysteminwhichthegovernmentownsandoperatesallsourcesofproduction
•
•factorsofproduction(Centralroleindeterminingtheoverallsupplyofgoodsandservicesisplayedbyfactorsofproduction.)
•Otherfactorsliketaxesandthenumberofsupplierswillalsoinfluencethesupply.
5.Describeeachofthefourdifferenttypesofmarketstructuresinaprivateenterprisesystem.
Purecompetition,monopolistic[məˌnɔpəˈlistik]competition(垄断性竞争),oligopoly([ˌɒlɪ'
gɒpəlɪ]寡头,求过于供的市场情况)andmonopoly([mə'
nɒpəlɪ]垄断)
Purecompetitionexistswhenallfirmsinanindustryaresmallandthenumberoffirmsislarge.Pricesaredeterminedbymarketforcesassupplyanddemand.
Inmonopolisticcompetition,manysellerstrytomaketheirproductsatleaseseemtobedifferentfromthoseofcompetitors.Productdifferentiationgivessellerssomecontroloverprices.
Whenanindustryhasonlyahandfulofsellers,anoligopolyexists.Theentryofnewcompetitorsishard.Andthepricesofcomparableproductsareusuallysimilar.
Amonopolyexistswhenanindustryormarkethasonlyoneproducer.Asolesupplierenjoysnearlycompletecontroloverthepricesofitsproducts.
6.Identifyanddescribethefourstagesofthebusinesscycle.
Prosperity,繁荣;
recession衰退;
depression萧条;
recovery复苏
[prɒ'
sperətɪ][rɪˈseʃn][dɪ'
preʃn]
7.Explainhowproductivity,price-levelchanges,andemploymentlevelsaffectthestabilityofanation’seconomy.
8.Discusshowmonetarypolicyandfiscalpolicyareusedtomanageaneconomy’sperformance.
MonetaryPolicy货币政策
governmentactionstoincreaseordecreasethemoneysupplyandchangebankingrequirementsandinterestratestoinfluencebanker’swillingnesstomakeloans.
FiscalPolicy财政政策
Governmentinfluenceseconomybyspendingandtaxationdecisions.Governmentusesfiscalpolicytocontrolinflations([ɪn'
fleɪʃn]通货膨胀),reduceunemployment,improvethegeneralwelfareofcitizens,andencourageeconomicgrowth.
Chapter2
1.Explaintheconceptsofbusinessethicsandsocialresponsibility.
Businessethicsarestandardsofbusinessconductandmoralvaluesbyemployeesonthejob
Socialresponsibilityreferstotheoverallwayinwhichabusinessattemptstobalanceitscommitmentstorelevantgroupsandindividualsinitssocialenvironments.
2.Describethefactorsthatinfluencebusinessethics,atindividual,organizational,legal,societallevels
Individual:
values,workbackground,familystatus,personality
Organizational:
TopLevelMgmt.Philosophy,theFirm’sRewardSystem,JobDimensions
Environmental:
Competition,economicconditions,social/culturalinstitutions
3.Listthestagesinthedevelopmentofethicalstandards.
Stage1:
Preconventional
Individualismainlylookingoutforhisorherinterest.Rulesarefollowedonlyoutoffearofpunishmentorhopeofreward.
Stage2:
Conventional
Individualconsiderstheinterestsandexpectationsofothersinmakingdecisions.Rulesarerulesarefollowedbecauseitisapartofbelongtothegroups.
Stage3:
postconventional
Individualfollowspersonalprinciplesforresolvingethicaldilemmas.Heorsheconsiderspersonal,groupandsocialinterests.
4.Identifycommonethicaldilemmasintheworkplace.
Conflictofinterest,honestyandintegrity(正直),loyaltyVStruth,whistle-blowing(揭发).
5.Discusshoworganizationsshapeethicalbehavior.
6.Summarizetheresponsibilitiesofbusinesstothegeneralpublic,customers,employeesandinvestors.
ResponsibilitiestotheGeneralPublic
a)PublicHealthIssues
b)ProtectingtheEnvironment
Greenwashing:
Usingadvertisingtoprojectagreenimagewithoutsubstantiallyalteringprocessesorproducts
Recycling—reprocessingofusedmaterialsforreuse
c)DevelopingtheQualityoftheWorkforce
d)CorporatePhilanthropy([fɪ'
læ
nθrəpɪ]慈善事业)
ResponsibilityTowardCustomers
ConsumerRights,UnfairPricing,EthicsinAdvertising
ResponsibilityTowardEmployees
Workplac
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- 关 键 词:
- 商学 精要 期末 重点 整理