六级模拟试题及答案009Word文件下载.docx

六级模拟试题及答案009Word文件下载.docx

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.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow。

　　1.目前有些校园内浪费现象严重；

　　2.浪费的危害；

　　3.从我做起，杜绝浪费。

　　PartⅡReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）（15minutes）

　　SomeNotesonGender-NeutralLanguage

　　General

　　Thepracticeofassigningmasculinegendertoneutraltermscomesfromthefactthateverylanguagereflectstheprejudicesofthesocietyinwhichitevolved,andEnglishevolvedthroughmostofitshistoryinamale-centered,patriarchalsociety.Likeanyotherlanguage,however,Englishisalwayschanging.Oneonlyhastoreadaloudsentencesfromthe19thcenturyhooksassignedforthisclasstosensetheshiftsthathaveoccurredinthelast150years.Whenreaderspickupsomethingtoread,theyexpectdifferentconventionsdependingonthetimeinwhichthematerialwaswritten.Aswritersin1995,weneedtobenotonlyawareoftheconventionsthatourreadersmayexpect,butalsoconsciousoftheresponsesourwordsmayelicit.Inaddition,weneedtoknowhowtheshiftingnatureoflanguagecanmakecertainwordsawkwardormisleading。

　　"

Man"

　　Manoncewasatrulygenericwordreferringtoallhumans,buthasgraduallynarrowedinmeaningtobecomeawordthatreferstoadultmalehumanbeings.Anglo-Saxonsusedthewordtorefertoallpeople.OneexampleofthisoccurswhenanAnglo-Saxonwriterreferstoaseventh-centuryEnglishprincessas"

awonderfulman"

.ManparalleledtheLatinwordhomo,"

amemberofthehumanspecies."

notvir,"

anadultmaleofthespecies."

TheOldEnglishwordforadultmalewaswaepmanandtheoldEnglishwordforadultwomanwaswifman.Inthecourseoftime,wifmanevolvedintotheword"

woman."

"

eventuallyceasedtobeusedtorefertoindividualwomenandreplacedwaepmanasaspecifictermdistinguishinganadultmalefromanadultfemale.Butmancontinuedtobeusedingeneralizationsaboutbothsexes。

　　Bythe18thcentury,themodern,narrowsenseofmanwasfirmlyestablishedasthepredominantone.WhenEdmundBurke,writingoftheFrenchRevolution,usedmenintheold,inclusiveway,hetookpainstospellouthismeaning:

Suchadeplorablehavocismadeinthemindsofmen（bothsexes）inFrance..."

ThomasJeffersondidnotmakethesamedistinctionindeclaringthat"

allmenarecreatedequal"

and"

governmentsareinstitutedamongmen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned."

Inatimewhenwomen,havingnovote,couldneithergivenorwithholdconsent,Jeffersonhadtobeusingthewordmeninitsprincipalsenseof"

males,"

anditprobablyneveroccurredtohimthatanyonewouldthinkotherwise.Lookingatmoderndictionariesindicatethatthedefinitionthatlinks"

man'

withmalesisthepredominantone.Studiesofcollegestudentsandschoolchildrenindicatethatevenwhenthebroaddefinitionsof"

msn"

men"

aretaught,theytendtoconjureupimagesofmalepeopleonly.Wewouldneverusethesentence"

Agirlgrowsuptobeaman,"

becauseweassumethenarrowerdefinitionofthewordman。

　　ThePronounProblem

　　ThefirstgrammarsofmodernEnglishwerewritteninthe16thand17thcenturies.TheyweremainlyintendedtohelpboysfromupperclassfamiliesprepareforthestudyofLatin,alanguagemostscholarsconsideredsuperiortoEnglish.ThemaleauthorsoftheseearliestEnglishgrammarswroteformalereadersinanagewhenfewwomenwereliterate.Themasculine-genderpronouns（代词）didnotreflectabeliefthatmasculinepronounscouldrefertobothsexes.Thegrammarsofthisperiodcontainnoindicationthatmasculinepronounsweresex-inclusivewhenusedingeneralreferences.Insteadthesepronounsreflectedtherealityofmaleculturaldominanceandthemale-centeredworldviewthatresulted。

He"

startedtobeusedasagenericpronounbygrammarianswhoweretryingtochangealong-establishedtraditionofusing"

they"

asasingularpronoun.In1850anActofParliamentgaveofficialsanction（批准）totherecentlyinventedconceptofthe"

generic"

he.InthelanguageusedinactsofParliament,thenewlawsaid,"

wordsimportingthemasculinegendershallbedeemedandtakentoincludefemales."

AlthoughsimilarlanguageincontractsandotherlegaldocumentssubsequentlyhelpedreinforcethisgrammaticaledictinallEnglish-speakingcountries,itwasoftenconvenientlyignored.In1879,forexample,amovetoadmitfemalephysicianstotheall-maleMassachusettsMedicalSocietywaseffectivelyblockedonthegrounds'

thatthesociety'

sby-lawsdescribingmembershipusedthepronounhe。

　　Justas"

man"

isnottrulygenericinthe1990s,"

he"

isnotatruegenericpronoun.Studieshaveconfirmedthatmostpeopleunderstand"

torefertomenonly.Sentences