一什么是金融联考Word格式.docx

一什么是金融联考Word格式.docx

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阅读理解全真试题（1996—2009年）

第一部分英译汉全真试题（1996-2009年）

Passage1

Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.71）Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.

Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionsoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotake,bypersonsinauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;

butitisafrighteningtrend.72）ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetombkeptinfunctionalorder.73）Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.

Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting"

good"

asopposedto"

bad"

science,butavaliddeterminationisdifficulttomake.Generally,theideaofgoodsciencetendstobecomeconfusedwiththecapacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateaneleganttheory.74）However,theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld'

smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.75）Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepast,givingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.

Passage2

Doanimalshaverights?

Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,ground-clearingwaytostart.71）Actually,itisn'

t,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.

Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72）Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Therefore,animalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurd;

forexactlythesamereason,soistheideathattigershaverights.However,thisisonlyoneaccount,andbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople—forinstance,toinfants,thementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inaddition,itisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:

howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"

Idon'

tlikethiscontract"

?

Thepointisthiswithoutagreementontherightsofpeople,arguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.73）Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:

itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanother,morefundamental,question:

isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall?

Manydenyit.74）Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake—asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans.

Thisview,whichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwood,mayseembravely"

logical"

.Infactitissimplyshallow:

theconfusedcentreisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning—theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl—istoweighothers'

interestsagainstone'

sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:

withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenough,formost,toengagesympathy.75）Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:

itismankind'

sinstinctformoralreasoninginaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.

Passage3

Theywere,byfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:

astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71）Butevenmoreimportant,