环境工程专业英语文献中英双语版Word文档下载推荐.docx
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环境工程专业英语文献中英双语版Word文档下载推荐.docx
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DarrellL.Gallup∗
ChevronCorporation, EnergyTechnologyCompany, 3901 Briarpark Dr.,Houston,Texas 77042,USA
Received14March 2007;
accepted16July2007
Availableonline12September2007
Abstract
Aconceptualstudyhasbeencarriedout to convertgeothermalwaterandcondensate into avaluableindustrial,agricultural ordrinkingwaterresource.Laboratory andfieldpilottest studieswere usedforthe conceptualdesignsandpreliminary costestimates,referredtotreatmentfacilitieshandling750kg/sofgeothermalwaterand350kg/sofsteamcondensate.The experimentsdemonstratedthatindustrial,agriculturalanddrinkingwaterstandards could probablybemetbyadoptingcertainoperatingconditions.Sixdifferenttreatmentswere examined. Unitprocessesforgeothermal water/condensatetreatmentinclude desilicationofthewatersto producemarketableminerals,removalofdissolved solids by reverse osmosisorevaporation,removalofarsenicbyoxidation/precipitation,andremovalofboronbyvariousmethodsincludingionexchange. Thetotalprojectcost estimates,withanaccuracy ofapproximately±
25%, rangedfromUS$10to78millionincapitalcost,withan operationandmaintenance(orproduct)costranging fromUS$0.15to2.73m−3 oftreatedwater.
©
2007CNR.Published by Elsevier Ltd.Allrightsreserved.
Keywords:
Geothermal water treatment;
Waterresources;
Desilication;
Arsenic;
Boron
1.Introduction
Withtheworldenteringanageofwatershortagesandaridfarmingland,itisincreasinglyimportantthatwefindways of recyclingwastewater. Theoil,gasand geothermalindustries,forexample,extract massive amounts ofbrineandwaterfromthesubsurface,most of whichare injected backinto undergroundformations.Holisticapproachestowater managementare beingadoptedevermorefrequently, and producedwaterisnowbeing consideredas apotentialresource.Intheoil andgasarena,attemptshavebeen madeto convertproducedwaterfordrinkingsupplyor otherreuses (Doran etal.,1998).Turningoilfield-producedwater intoavaluableresourceentailsanunderstandingoftheenvironmentalandeconomic implications, andof the techniquesrequired to removedissolvedorganicandinorganiccomponentsfrom thewaters.Treatmentsofgeothermalwaterandcondensate forbeneficialuse,on the otherhand,involve theremovalofinorganiccomponentsonly.
Wehaveexploredthetechnicaland economicfeasibility ofreusingwatersand steamcondensatesfromexistingand futuregeothermalpower plants. Producedgeothermalfluids,especiallyinaridclimates, shouldbeviewed asvaluable resourcesforindustryand agriculture, aswellasfordrinkingwatersupplies. Thispaper presentstheresultsoflaboratoryandfieldpilotstudiesdesignedtoconvertgeothermal-producedfluids intobeneficiallyusablewater.Thepreliminaryeconomics ofseveralwatertreatmentstrategiesarealsoprovided.
2.Designlayout
Thelayout forthetreatment strategies (unitsofoperation)have been designedspecificallyfor a nominal50Mwe geothermalpowerplantlocatedinanaridclimateofthewesternhemisphere,hereafterreferred toasthetestplant.The average concentrationof constituentsin theproducedwaterisshown inTable 1.Theamountofspentwater from the testflash plant is∼750kg/s.Thepotentialamount ofsteamcondensatethatcouldbeproduced attheplantis∼350kg/s.Table 1 includesthe compositionof thesteamcondensate derivedfromwelltests.The sixtreatmentcasesconsideredinthe studyaregivenin Table2, togetherwithproductflowsandunitoperationsoftreatment.Fig. 1providessimplifiedschematiclayoutsoftheunit operations foreachcase.
3.Evaluation of treatmentoptions
Inthissectionthe variousoperations considered foreachcaseare described.
3.1.Arsenicremoval
Thetechniquesconsideredviable for removingtraces of arsenic(As)fromcondensateorfromwaterareozone oxidationfollowed byironco-precipitationorcatalyzedphoto-oxidationprocesses (Khoeetal., 1997). OtherprocessesforextractingAsfromgeothermalwaters(e.g.RothbaumandAnderton, 1975;
Umeno andIwanaga,1998;
Pascuaetal.,2007) havenotbeen consideredinthepresentstudy.Inthe caseofthetestplant,ozone (O3)wouldbegeneratedon-siteusing parasiticpower,airandcorona-dischargeultra-violet (UV)lamps,andironintheformofferric sulfate[Fe2(SO4)3]or ferricchloride(FeCl3)that wouldbedeliveredtothegeothermal plant.Thephoto-oxidationprocessesconsistoftreatingthecondensate orwaterwith Fe2+intheformofferrous sulfate(FeSO4) orferrouschloride(FeCl2),orwithSO2photoabsorbers.Thelatterisgeneratedfrom the oxidationofH2S in turbineventgas(KitzandGallup, 1997).
Thephoto-oxidationprocessconsistsofsparg
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