地质岩土英文文献翻译Word格式文档下载.docx
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地质岩土英文文献翻译Word格式文档下载.docx
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tensile
stresses.Flexuraltopplingfailureoccursbytensilestresscausedbythemoment
dueto
the
weight
ofthe
inclined
superimposed
cantilever-like
rock
columns.
Hence,
geo-structuraldefectsthatmaynaturallyexistinrockcolumnsaremodeledbya
series
of
cracks
inmaximumtensile
stress
plane.
Themagnitudeandlocation
maximumtensile
inrock
columns
with
potential
flexural
toppling
determined.
Then,the
minimumfactor
safety
for
columnsare
computedbymeans
ofprinciples
solid
andfracture
mechanics,
independently.
Next,
anewequation
isproposedtodeterminethelengthofcriticalcrackinsuchrockcolumns.Ithas
beenshownthat
if
length
ofnatural
crackis
smaller
thanthelength
ofcritical
crack,thentheresultbasedonsolidmechanicsapproachismoreappropriate;
otherwise,
result
obtained
basedonthe
principles
offracture
mechanics
is
more
acceptable.
Subsequently,
stabilization
oftheprescribed
slopes,
somenew
analyticalrelationshipsaresuggestedfordeterminationthelengthanddiameter
oftherequiredfully
groutedrockbolts.Finally,forquick
designof
rockslopes
againstflexuraltopplingfailure,agraphicalapproachalongwithsomedesign
curves
arepresented
by
whichanadmissibleinclinationofsuchrockslopesand
or
all
required
fully
grouted
rockbolts
In
addition,
acase
studyhasbeenusedforpracticalverificationoftheproposedapproaches.
KeywordsGeo-structuraldefects,In-siturockstructuralweaknesses,Critical
cracklength
...
1.
Introduction
Rockmassesarenaturalmaterialsformedinthecourseofmillionsofyears.
Sinceduringtheirformationandafterwards,theyhavebeensubjectedtohigh
variablepressuresbothverticallyandhorizontally,usually,theyarenot
continuous,andcontainnumerouscracksandfractures.Theexertedpressures,
sometimes,producejointsets.Sincethesepressuressometimesmaynotbe
sufficientlyhightocreateseparatejointsetsinrockmasses,theycanproduce
microjointsandmicro-cracks.However,theresultscannotbeconsideredas
independentjointsets.Althoughtheeffectsofthesemicro-cracksarenotthat
pronouncedcomparedwith
large
sizejointsets,yet
theymaycauseadrasticchange
ofin-situgeomechanicalpropertiesofrockmasses.Also,inmanyinstances,due
todissolutionofin-siturockmasses,minutebubble-likecavities,etc.,are
produced,whichcauseaseverereductionofin-situtensilestrength.Therefore,
oneshouldnotreplacethisin-situstrengthbythatobtainedinthelaboratory.
Ontheotherhand,measuringthe
in-situ
strength
interaction
complexparametersis
impractical.
anappropriate
approach
estimation
ofthetensilestrengthshouldbesought.Inthispaper,bymeansofprinciplesofsolidandfracturemechanics,anewapproachfordeterminationoftheeffectofgeo-structuraldefectsonflexuraltopplingfailureisproposed.
2.Effectofgeo-structuraldefectsonflexuraltopplingfailure
2.1.Criticalsectionoftheflexuraltopplingfailure
Asmentionedearlier,MajdiandAmini[10]andAminietal.[11]haveprovedthattheaccurate
factorofsafetyisequaltothatcalculatedforaseriesofinclinedrockcolumns,which,by
analogy,isequivalenttothesuperimposedinclinedcantileverbeamsasshowninFig.3.According
totheequationsoflimitequilibrium,themomentMandtheshearingforceVexistinginvarious
cross-sectionalareasinthebeamscanbecalculatedasfollows:
(5)
(6)
Sincethesuperimposedinclinedrockcolumnsaresubjectedtouniformlydistributedloads
causedbytheirownweight,hence,themaximumshearingforceandmomentexistattheveryfixed
end,thatis,atx=Ψ:
(7)
(8)
IfthemagnitudeofΨfromEq.
(1)issubstituted
ofshearingforceandthemaximummomentofequivalent
intoEqs.(7)and(8),thenthemagnitudesbeamforrockslopesarecomputedasfollows:
(9)
(10)
whereCisadimensionlessgeometricalparameterthatisrelatedtotheinclinations
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