环境规制与国际贸易外文翻译Word下载.docx
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环境规制与国际贸易外文翻译Word下载.docx
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外文题目:
Environmentalregulationandinternationaltrade
出处:
JournalofRegulatoryEconomicsVolume8,Number1,61-72,DOI:
10.1007/BF01066600
作者:
EftichiosSophoclesSartzetakisandChristosConstantatos
原文:
Abstract:
Inthispaper,weinvestigatehowacountry'
schoiceofenvironmentalpolicyinstrumentaffectstheinternationalcompetitivenessofitsfirms.WeshowthatinaCournot-Nashequilibrium,thetotalmarkeshareoffirmsregulatedthroughtradeableemissionpermitsincreasesrelativetothatofthefirmsoperatingundercommandandcontrolduetobetterallocationoftotalabatementamongthefirmsinthecountry.Ourworksuggeststhatfreetradesituationsshouldnotonlyresultinsimilarenvironmentastandardsbutalsoinsimilarregulatoryregimes.ItmaycomeasnosurprisethattheenvironmentalauthoritiesinCanadaareseriouslyconsideringfollowingtheUnitedStatesininstitutingatradeableemissionpermitsmechanism.
1.Introduction
Inrecentyears,increasedawarenessofenvironmentalissueshasmadepollutioncontrol,notablythecontrolofemissions,animportanttopicinpublicpolicydiscussions.Acommonlyraisedobjectionagainstemissionscontrolisthatthismayimpairthecompetitivenessofthedomesticindustryininternationalmarkets.Inparticular,ithasbeenarguedthatfirmsoperatingincountrieswithlowenvironmentalstandardswillacquiresubstantialcostadvantagesoverinternationalcompetitorsoperatinginmoreenvironmentallyconsciouscountries.Concernhasevenbeenexpressedthatsomecountriescouldbecome"
pollutionhavens"
byattractingindustriesthroughlowenvironmentalstandards;
seeforexample,Markusenetal.(1993).WhileearlierempiricalresearchbyLeonard(1988)andTobey(1989;
1990)suggestedthatdifferencesinenvironmentalstandardsdidnothavesignificantimpactontradepatterns,morerecentworkbyLucasetal.(1992)showedthatthisimpactmaybeimportant.
Substantialliteraturehasbeendevotedtotheimpactofenvironmentalpolicyontradepatterns.Thelinkbetweentradeandtheenvironmentisrootedinpolicyrigiditiesthatpreventauthoritiesfromachievingfirstbestoptimality.Intheabsenceofanyrestrictionsontheuseofenvironmentalandtradepolicies,anyimpacttheformermighthaveonacountry'
stermsoftradecouldeasilybeoffsetbytheappropriatechoiceoftariffs.Internationalagreementsaswellastheactionofdomesticlobbyinggroupsmayinfactlimittheapplicabilityoftradeand/orenvironmentalpolicyinstruments.BaumolandOates(1988)andMarkusen(1975)considerlimitationsintheexerciseofenvironmentalpolicyandexaminemodificationstothefirst-besttariffsnecessarytoaccountforenvironmentalissues.Krutilla(1991)andMarkusen(1975)considercasesinwhichinternationaltradeagreementslimittheuseoftariffsleavingenvironmentalregulationastheonlyfeasiblepolicytowardsrentextractionfromforeigners.Inallcases,itisfoundthatthesecond-besttarifforenvironmentaltaxmaybehigherorsmallercomparedtoitsfirst-bestlevel.
Kennedy(1994)alsoconsidersenvironmentalpolicyastheonlyinstrumentinthepresenceoftransboundarypollutionwithinanimperfectlycompetitiveglobalenvironment.Ratherthanlookingattheoptimaltaxlevel,hedeterminestheNashequilibriumpollutiontaxesandshowsthatstrategicinteractionbetweencountriesresultstoequilibriumtaxesthatarelowerthanwhatisgloballyefficient.Finally,Copeland(1994)recognizesthepossibilityofrestrictionsontheuseofbothenvironmentalandtradepolicyinstrumentsandinvestigatesconditionsforgradualpolicyreformstobewelfareimproving.Hisworkemphasizestheneedforcoordinatedtradeandpollutionpoliciesinordertoavoidexacerbatingdistortionsandshowsthatsmallpolicyreformsmaybemoreeasilyimplementedunderaquotaratherthanataxregime.Healsofindsthatinternationalfactormobilityincreasesthebenefitsfromreformingpollutionpolicy.
Inthispaper,wedealwiththeimpactofenvironmentalpolicyontradepatterns.Ourworkdiffersfromtheaforementionedpapersinthat,insteadoffocusingonthelevelofenvironmentalstandards,weconcentrateontheimpactofthetypeofregulatoryregimeonacountry'
sinternationalcompetitiveness.Thisparticularfocusismotivatedbythefollowingobservations.First,thefactthatsomecountrieshavealreadyadopted"
incentivebased"
regulatorypolicyinstruments--namelytaxesandtradeableemissionspermits--whileothersaremorehesitanttomoveinthisdirectionandcontinuetoapplycommandandcontrolregimes.Second,thatenvironmentalstandardstendnottobesignificantlydifferentamongdevelopedcountries;
seeCropperandOates(1992).Thesimilarityofstandardsismerelyduetosimilarpreferencesforenvironm
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- 关 键 词:
- 环境 规制 国际贸易 外文 翻译