语言学名词解释Word文档下载推荐.docx
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语言学名词解释Word文档下载推荐.docx
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1.Languageisascientificsystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
2.Minimalpairsarethewordformswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.Inotherwords,whentwodifferentformsreidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentthatoccursinthesameplaceinthestring;
thetwowordsarecalledminimalpairs.
3.Amorphemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitthatcarriesgrammaticaland/orsemanticmeaning.
4.IPA:
Aphonetictranscriptionisaneconomicalmeansforcapturingsoundsonpaper,thatis,amethodofwritingdownspeechsoundsinasystematicandconsistentway.Thebest-knownsystem,theInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA),hasbeendevelopingsince1888.
5.SLA:
secondlanguageacquisitiontorefertotheprocessofacquiringorlearninganadditionallanguageafterthelearnerhasacquiredhisorhermothertongue.
6.Linguisticsisthescienceoflanguageforallhumansocieties,andisdefinedasthesystematicstudyoflanguage.
7.Diachronicstudy:
thedescriptionofthehistoricaldevelopmentofalanguage.Linguisticstudyinthe19thcenturywasprimarilyconcernedwiththediachronicdescription.
8.Synchronicstudy:
thedescriptionofaparticularstateofalanguageatasinglepointoftime.Thepriorityofsynchronicdescriptionisacharacteristicofmosttwentieth-centurylinguistictheories.
9.Syntagmaticrelation:
therelationsbetweenunitswhichcombinetoformsequences
10.Paradigmaticrelation:
oppositionswhichproducedistinctandalternativeterms
11.Competencereferstotheknowledgethatnativespeakershaveoftheirlanguageassystemofabstractformalrelations.Thatistheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
12.Performancereferstowhatwedowhenwespeakorlisten,thatis,theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances.
13.Acorpusreferstoacollectionoflinguisticdata,eithercomplicatedaswrittentextsorasatranscriptionofrecordedspeech.
14.Aphonetictranscriptionisaneconomicalmeansforcapturingsoundsonpaper,thatis,amethodofwritingdownspeechsoundsinasystematicandconsistentway.
15.Phonemeistheminimumphonemicunitthatisnotfurtheranalyzableintosmallerunits.Itisthebasicunitinphonologicalanalysis.
16.Soundpatternsrefertothesetofsoundsthatoccurinagivenlanguage,thepermissiblearrangementsofthesesoundsinwords,andtheprocessesforadding,deleting,orchangingsounds.
17.Stressisthepronunciationofawordorsyllablewithmoreforcethanthesurroundingwordsorsyllables.
18.Pitchisasuprasegmentalqualitywhichextendsoverindividualsegmentsandlongerstretchesofspeech.
19.Inflectionreferstotheprocessofaddinganaffixtoawordorchangingitinsomeotherwayaccordingtotherulesofthegrammarofalanguage.
20.Proverbsarenormallyintheformofasentence.Aproverbisoftenashortsentencethatpeopleoftenquoteandusetogiveadviceandstatesomegeneralhumanlifeexperienceandproblem.
21.Synonymy:
wordsorexpressionswiththesameorsimilarmeaningaresaidtobesynonymy.
22.Homonymyreferstocaseswherelexemeswiththesamephonologicalormorphologicalshapehavedifferentmeanings.
23.aspeechact:
Anactionperformedbytheuseofanutterancetocommunicateiscalledaspeechact.
24.Dialectreferstoanyregional,socialorethnicvarietyofalanguage.
25.Registerreferstothefunctionalvarietyoflanguagethatisdefinedaccordingtoitsuseincontext.Registersvaryaccordingtothethreeparametersofcontext:
field,tenorandmode(Halliday,1978).
26.Languageplanningreferstoadeliberateattempt,usuallyatthelevelofthestateorgovernmentadministration,toaffectlanguageuseinordertopreventortosolvesomeproblemsofcommunication.
27.Hyponymyisusedtorefertoaspecific—generalsemanticrelationshipbetweenlexicalitems.
1.Whatisthescopeoflinguistics?
Answer:
therearesixbranchesoflinguistics.1)Phoneticsisthestudyofhumanspeechsounds.2)Phonologyisthestudyofsoundpatterning.3)Morphologyisthestudyoftheinternalstructuresoftheformofwords.4)Syntaxisthestudyofsentencestructure.5)Semanticsisthestudyofmeaning.6)Pragmaticsstudieshowspeakersuselanguageinwayswhichcannotbepredictedfromlinguisticknowledgealone.
2.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenLangueandParole?
PleaseanalysisthedistinctionsofLangueandParole.
Answer:
ThisdistinctionisproposedbySaussureinhisCourseinGeneralLinguistics.
Langue:
theabstractsystem;
acollectivebodyofknowledge;
akindofcommonreferencemanual;
acquiredbyallmembersofacommunityofspeakers;
relat
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