注意力缺陷障碍成年人的空间工作记忆和策略形成的研究毕业论文外文翻译Word格式文档下载.docx
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注意力缺陷障碍成年人的空间工作记忆和策略形成的研究毕业论文外文翻译Word格式文档下载.docx
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1.Introduction
Workingmemoryisdefinedasacognitivesystemthatprovidestemporarystorageandmanipulationoftheinformationnecessaryforactivitiessuchasreasoning,languagecomprehensionandlearning(Baddeley,1992).Thisprocessrequirestheabilitytoholdinformation‘‘on-line’’duringabrieftimeuntiladecisionandsubsequentresponseismade(Goldman-Rakic,1990).Ithasbeenpostulatedthatthereisadissociationbetweenbasicmemorialrequirementsoftasksandtheirexecutivecomponentswhichcontrolresponseselection,e.g.theadoptionofanoverallstrategyorplan,ortheutilizationofspecificattentionalinhibitorymechanisms.Thusperformanceisdeterminedbytwofactors,onerelatedtoshort-termspatialmemoryandtheothertostrategicfactors(Robbins,1996).Severalstudieshaveshownthatspatialworkingmemorydeficitsinpatientswithfrontallobeexcisionsmayberelatedtotheinefficientuseofaparticularsearchstrategy(Miotto,Bullock,Polkey,&
Morris,1996;
Owen,Downes,Sahakian,Polkey,&
Robbins,1990;
Owen,Morris,Sahakian,Polkey,&
Robbins,1996).Thissuggeststhatpartofthedeficitmayarisefromexecutivefailureanduseofastrategycanreducetheloadonmemorycausedbyinterferencefrompreviouschoices.
SpatialworkingmemorydeficitshavebeenfoundinstudiescomparingADHDandnormalchildren(Karatekin&
Asarnow,1998;
Gorenstein,Mammato,&
Sandy,1989;
Shue&
Douglas,1992).However,moststudieshavenotconsideredwhetherdeficitsinspatialworkingmemorymaybeaccountedforbyproblemswithstrategyformation.Theimportanceofstrategyhasbeenconsideredinotherneurologicalorpsychiatricdisorders.Forexample,strategyformationimpairmenthasbeenshowntobelinkedtospatialworkingmemoryimpairmentpatientswithfrontalexcisions(Miottoetal.,1996)butnotforpatientswithAspergersSyndrome(Morrisetal.,1999).
ThecurrentstudyexploresspatialworkingmemorydeficitsandstrategyimpairmentofADHDadultsusingthecomputerisedExecutiveGolftask(cf.Feigenbaum,Polkey,&
Morris,1996),adevelopmentofthespatialworkingmemorytaskdesignedbyMorrisetal.(1988).WorkingmemoryisofrelevanceintheinvestigationofadultADHDbecauseitisthoughttobeparticularlyimpairedinrelationtoothertypesofpsychiatricdisordersthathaveassociatedneuropsychologicaldeficits(Gallagher&
Blader,2001).ThishasbeenexploredinapreviousstudybyDowsonetal.(2004)usingadifferenttaskbutasimilarmethodology.IntheDowsonetal.(2004)studytheCANTABmethodofmeasuringspatialworkingmemoryinvolvesanarrayofspatiallocationsonascreeninwhichtheparticipanthastoavoidgoingbacktopreviouslysuccessfullocations.Theyfoundimpairmentsonreturnerrorsandassociatedpoorstrategywhenconductingthetasks.TheExecutiveGolftaskismoreakintoareallifeactivityinthat,aswellmeasuringspatialworkingmemoryitsimulatesa‘gameofgolf’,theparticipantsearchingforplacesinwhicha‘golfer’ispredictedtoputtaball,avoidingreturningtotheseplacesduringsubsequentsearches.Thegolfholesarepresentedusingthreedimensionalcomputergraphicswiththe‘golfer’presentedinthedistance.Thetaskhasagame-likeformat,withthe‘golfer’puttingtheballsintothegolfholeswhenacorrectgolfholehasbeenselectedbythe‘golfer.’Performancecanbeimprovedusingthestrategyoffollowingapredeterminedsearchsequence,beginningwithaparticularplaceandreturningtothesameplaceforeverynewsearchsequence.TheaimofthestudywastoinvestigatewhetherpatientswithADHDhadaspatialworkingmemorydeficitinadulthoodandtoestablishwhetherthedeficitpersistedifameasureofstrategyformationwascovariedintheanalysis.ItwashypothesisedthatADHDpatientswouldmakeagreaternumberoferrorsinrelationtoreturningtopreviouslysuccessfullocations(i.e.betweensubjecterrors),andthatthisdeficitwouldincreasewithtaskdifficulty.
2.Methodology
2.1.Participants
Thestudyincluded27(21male,6female)adultADHDpatientsattheMaudsleyHospital,LondonUK.AllpatientsmettheDSM-IVcriteriaforADHDfollowingafullADHDassessment(seeYoung&
Toone,2000).Theassessmentincludedacomprehensivepsychiatricevaluationwhichincludedasemi-structuredinterviewbasedontheDSM-IVcriteriaforADHD.Eachpositiveself-ratinghadtobeendorsedbytheassessoronthebasisofsupplementaryquestioningorotherinformation(e.g.documentation).AdditionallyaparentwasinterviewedtoestablishwhethertherewasahistoryofADHDfeaturesduringearlychildhood(i.e.beforetheageof7).Thisjudgementwasbaseduponanunstructuredinterviewalthoughinaddition,and
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- 注意力缺陷障碍成年人的空间工作记忆和策略形成的研究 毕业论文外文翻译 注意力 缺陷 障碍 成年人 空间 工作 记忆 策略 形成 研究 毕业论文 外文 翻译
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