托福阅读答案解析文档格式.docx
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托福阅读答案解析文档格式.docx
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attestto=provideevidenceof
fragments=pieces
painstaking=takinggreateffortto
substantial=considerable
configuration=arrangement
precise=accurate
distinctive=recognizable
incontrastto=asopposedto
dispersal=distribution
imitator=someonewhocopiedhiswork
associatedwith=relatedto
第一篇:
题材划分:
社科类文章
主要内容:
制造表的发展。
先说以前一个master一年只能做十几个表,特别painstaking只有富人才能买得起。
后来有个人叫Elf,他简化了钟表制造的材料,创新了一些设备,行了一系列变革,通过专业化啊水力啊,让表产量变大,又轻,又便宜。
本来特别重,不好运输,他就把弄得更轻了,可以挂住,不用专门做cabinet了。
然后使钟表让中产阶级也买得起,从精细制造变成massproduction。
后来他为了peddler就继续发明创造,然后在1816年造出了shelfclock获得专利,但是还是有很多人抄袭模仿,这些模仿也在一定程度上促进了钟表的精细化。
他有个员工叫Jerome,借鉴了上一个老板的经验,然后和Elf一起将钟表变得美观时尚又物廉价美。
解析:
整体文章词汇相对较简单,没有生涩难懂的学术词汇,只是第一篇相对而言比较难进入状态,所以一定要调整好自己的心态。
相似TPO练习推荐:
TPO30-TheInventionoftheMechanicalClock
TPO16-DevelopmentofthePeriodicTable
相关文章:
TheInventionoftheMechanicalClock
InEurope,beforetheintroductionofthemechanicalclock,peopletoldtimebysun(using,forexample,shadowsticksorsundials)andwaterclocks.Sunclocksworked,ofcourse,onlyoncleardays;
waterclocksmisbehavedwhenthetemperaturefelltowardfreezing,tosaynothingoflong-rundriftastheresultofsedimentationandclogging.Boththesedevicesworkedwellinsunnyclimates;
butinnorthernEuropethesunmaybehiddenbycloudsforweeksatatime,whiletemperaturesvarynotonlyseasonallybutfromdaytonight.
MedievalEuropegavenewimportancetoreliabletime.TheCatholicChurchhaditssevendailyprayers,oneofwhichwasatnight,requiringanalarmarrangementtowakenmonksbeforedawn.Andthenthenewcitiesandtowns,squeezedbytheirwalls,hadtoknowandordertimeinordertoorganizecollectiveactivityandrationspace.Theysetatimetogotosleep.Allthiswascompatiblewitholderdevicessolongastherewasonlyoneauthoritativetimekeeper;
butwithurbangrowthandthemultiplicationoftimesignals,discrepancybroughtdiscordandstrife.Societyneededamoredependableinstrumentoftimemeasurementandfounditinthemechanicalclock.
Wedonotknowwhoinventedthismachine,orwhere.ItseemstohaveappearedinItalyandEngland(perhapssimultaneousinvention)between1275and1300.Onceknown,itspreadrapidly,drivingoutwaterclocksbutnotsolardials,whichwereneededtocheckthenewmachinesagainstthetimekeeperoflastresort.Theseearlyversionswererudimentary,inaccurate,andpronetobreakdown.
Ironically,thenewmachinetendedtoundermineCatholicChurchauthority.AlthoughchurchritualhadsustainedaninterestintimekeepingthroughoutthecenturiesofurbancollapsethatfollowedthefallofRome,churchtimewasnature’stime.Dayandnightweredividedintothesamenumberofparts,sothatexceptattheequinoxes,daysandnighthourswereunequal;
andthenofcoursethelengthofthesehoursvariedwiththeseasons.Butthemechanicalclockkeptequalhours,andthisimpliedanewtimereckoning.TheCatholicChurchresisted,notcomingovertothenewhoursforaboutacentury.Fromthestart,however,thetownsandcitiestookequalhoursastheirstandard,andthepublicclocksinstalledintownhallsandmarketsquaresbecametheverysymbolofanew,secularmunicipalauthority.Everytownwantedone;
conquerorsseizedthemasespeciallypreciousspoilsofwar;
touristscametoseeandhearthesemachinesthewaytheymadepilgrimagestosacredrelics.
Theclockwasthegreatestachievementofmedievalmechanicalingenuity.Itsgeneralaccuracycouldbecheckedagainsteasilyobservedphenomena,liketherisingandsettingofthesun.Theresultwasrelentlesspressuretoimprovetechniqueanddesign.Ateverystage,clockmakersledthewaytoaccuracyandprecision;
theybecamemastersofminiaturization,detectorsandcorrectorsoferror,searchersfornewandbetter.Theywerethusthepioneersofmechanicalengineeringandservedasexamplesandteacherstootherbranchesofengineering.
Theclockbroughtorderandcontrol,bothcollectiveandpersonal.Itspublicdisplayandprivatepossessionlaidthebasisfortemporalautonomy:
peoplecouldnowcoordinatecomingsandgoingswithoutdictationfromabove.Theclockprovidedthepunctuationmarksforgroupactivity,whileenablingindividualstoordertheirownwork(andthatofothers)soastoenhanceproductivity.Indeed,theverynotionofproductivityisaby-productoftheclock:
onceoncanrelateperformancetouniformtimeunits,workisneverthesame.Onemovesfromthetask-orientedtimeconsciousnessofthepeasant(workingonjobafteranother,astimeandlightpermit)andthetime-fillingbusynessofthedomesticservant(whoalwayshadsomethingtodo)toanefforttomaximizeproductperunitoftime.
第二篇
历史类文章
在泰国附近出现的一个D文明,语言和Mon语言有联系。
信奉佛教
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