托福阅读真题解析Word格式文档下载.docx
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托福阅读真题解析Word格式文档下载.docx
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第一篇
达尔文进化论的发现过程。
一开始他坐船去航行,发现很近的两个岛上的物种不一样,那的化石显示动物的不同种类是逐渐变化(diversity有句子简化题),他们怕这个理论不被接受,因为没有大量数据支持(有题)。
后来他发展了某A理论,同人类一样,动物也同样减少时,自然选择好的trait传给下一代,只不过一个主动一个被动的artificial和naturalselection(自然选择,有对比题)。
最后一段说另外一个年轻人差点就发表了相似的学说,达尔文的朋友赶紧劝他发表,结果他俩一起参加了什么会议给presentation,达尔文
的学说比年轻人更注意和推崇(有题问为什么)
解析:
这是一篇关于生物类的话题。
达尔文进化论的话题已经是ETS百考不厌,建议烤鸭们多做背景了解,比方说进化论的起源、发展、成就还有进化论推翻创世说,这些大家都知道么?
精髓之所在,考点之所在哈。
背景补充哈~
Inthe19thcentury,naturalhistorycollectionsandmuseumswereapopularpastime.TheEuropeanexpansionandnavalexpeditionsemployednaturalistsandcuratorsofgrandmuseumsshowcasingpreservedandlivespecimensofthevarietiesoflife.CharlesDarwinwasanEnglishgraduatewhowaseducatedandtrainedinthedisciplinesofnaturalhistoryscience.Suchnaturalhistorianswouldcollect,catalogue,describeandstudythevastcollectionsofspecimensstoredandmanagedbycuratorsatthesemuseums.CharlesDarwinservedasaship'
snaturalistonboardtheHMSBeagle,assignedtoafive-yearresearchexpeditionaroundtheworld.Duringhisvoyage,Darwinobservedandcollectedanabundanceoforganisms,beingveryinterestedinthediverseformsoflifealongthecoastsofSouthAmericaandtheneighboringGalapagosIslands.
CharlesDarwingainedextensiveexperienceashecollectedandstudiedthenaturalhistoryoflifeformsfromdistantplaces.Throughhisstudies,Darwinformulatedtheideathateachspecieshaddevelopedfromancestorswithsimilarfeatures.In1838,hedescribedhowaprocesshecallednaturalselectionwouldmakethishappen.
CharlesDarwinproposedthetheoryofevolutionbynaturalselection.
Darwinnotedthatorchidsexhibitavarietyofcomplexadaptationstoensurepollination;
allderivedfrombasicfloralparts.
Thesizeofapopulationdependsonhowmuchandhowmanyresourcesareabletosupportit.Forthepopulationtoremainthesamesizeyearafteryear,theremustbeanequilibrium,orbalancebetweenthepopulationsizeandavailableresources.Sinceorganismsproducemoreoffspringthantheirenvironmentcansupport,notallindividualscansurviveoutofeachgeneration.Theremustbeacompetitivestruggleforresourcesthataidinsurvival.Asaresult,Darwinrealizedthatitwasnotchancealonethatdeterminedsurvival.Instead,survivalofanorganismdependsonthedifferencesofeachindividualorganism,or"
traits"
thataidorhindersurvivalandreproduction.Well-adaptedindividualsarelikelytoleavemoreoffspringthantheirlesswell-adaptedcompetitors.Traitsthathindersurvivalandreproductionwoulddisappearovergenerations.Traitsthathelpanorganismsurviveandreproducewouldaccumulateovergenerations.Darwinrealizedthattheunequalabilityofindividualstosurviveandreproducecouldcausegradualchangesinthepopulationandusedthetermnaturalselectiontodescribethisprocess.
Observationsofvariationsinanimalsandplantsformedthebasisofthetheoryofnaturalselection.Forexample,Darwinobservedthatorchidsandinsectshaveacloserelationshipthatallowsthepollinationoftheplants.Henotedthatorchidshaveavarietyofstructuresthatattractinsects,sothatpollenfromtheflowersgetsstucktotheinsects’bodies.Inthisway,insectstransportthepollenfromamaletoafemaleorchid.Inspiteoftheelaborateappearanceoforchids,thesespecializedpartsaremadefromthesamebasicstructuresthatmakeupotherflowers.InhisbookFertilisationofOrchidsDarwinproposedthattheorchidflowerswereadaptedfrompre-existingparts,throughnaturalselection.
DarwinwasstillresearchingandexperimentingwithhisideasonnaturalselectionwhenhereceivedaletterfromAlfredWallacedescribingatheoryverysimilartohisown.Thisledtoanimmediatejointpublicationofboththeories.BothWallaceandDarwinsawthehistoryoflifelikeafamilytree,witheachforkinthetree’slimbsbeingacommonancestor.Thetipsofthelimbsrepresentedmodernspeciesandthebranchesrepresentedthecommonancestorsthataresharedamongstmanydifferentspecies.Toexplaintheserelationships,Darwinsaidthatalllivingthingswererelated,andthismeantthatalllifemustbedescendedfromafewforms,orevenfromasinglecommonancestor.Hecalledthisprocessdescentwithmodification.
DarwinpublishedhistheoryofevolutionbynaturalselectioninOntheOriginofSpeciesin1859.Histheorymeansthatalllife,includinghumanity,isaproductofcontinuingnaturalprocesses.TheimplicationthatalllifeonEarthhasacommonancestorhasmetwithobjectionsfromsomereligiousgroups.Theirobjectionsareincontrasttothelevelofsupportforthetheorybymorethan99percentofthosewithinthescientificcommunitytoday.
Naturalselectioniscommonlyequatedwithsurvivalofthefittest,butthisexpressionoriginatedinHerbertSpencer'
sPri
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