Tort outlineWord格式.docx

Tort outlineWord格式.docx

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eitherpurposeor"

knowledgewithsubstantialcertainty,"

thatperforminganactwillleadtoinvasionofbodilyharm.

2.SUBSTANTIALCERTAINTY:

a.Intentionalifactorknewwithsubst.cert.resultwouldoccur（Garrattv.Dailey–chairpull）

▪Subjective–whatDthought,notwhattheyshould’vethought

▪KnowledgeTest–justmustknowtheperson’sphysicalintegritywouldbeinvaded,nottheactualharmwilloccur

b.Possible/probablebutnotsubstantiallycertainnotintentional

3.Intenttoharmirrelevant

a.Intent≠motive–intentisdesiretocauseimmediateconsequences;

motiveistheactor’sreasonforhavingthatdesire.Motiveisirrelevantontheissueofliability

b.Liablefordamagescausedbymistakenunderstandingoffacts,regardlessofactingingoodfaith（Ransonv.Kitner–huntersshotdogingoodfaiththinkingitwasawolf）

c.Children–maybecapableofintentionaltortsevenwhentooyoungfornegligence

d.Mentallyincompetentpersons–liablejustlikenormalpeople（McGuirev.Almy–insanepersoninjuredPcaretaker）

4.***Consequencesneednotbeintentionalorsubstantiallycertain–justtheact

a.DintendstotapPlightlyonthechintoannoyhim.IfPhas“glassjaw,”andhisjawbreaks,Dhasstill“intended”tocausethecontactandthustheintentionaltorthastakenplace,eventhoughtheconsequenceswerenotnecessarilyintended

5.TRANSFERREDINTENT

a.D’sintenttocommitassault/battery/FalseImprisonment/trespasstolandorchattelsautomaticallysuppliesintentforanyoftheother4

b.Whentheintentiontoharmoneindividualinadvertentlycausesasecondpersontobehurtinstead,theperpetratorisstillheldresponsible.

▪（Talmagev.Smith–Dthrewstickatonekidonroofandhitanother）

B.BATTERY:

intentionalinflictionofaharmfuloroffensivebodilycontactuponanother

1.Intentionalinfliction

Intent=Dintendedtocauseharmfulcontactoranimminentapprehensionofcontact（i.e.intenttocommitanassault;

e.g.afakepunchthatlands）ANDaharmfulcontactwiththepersonoftheotherdirectlyorindirectlyresults

Desiretocausephysicalharmunnecessary–goodenoughifDkneworshould’veknownhisactwouldcauseharmfulcontact（shootintoacrowd,Dknowsitwillhitsomeone）

2.HarmfulOROffensive

Harmful=contactthatproducesbodilyharm

Offensive=contactdamagingtoareasonablesenseofdignity（Mohrv.Williams–surgeryonwrongear.Althoughbeneficial,stillviolatespersonaldignity）

▪***Harmsareirrelevant–justinvasionofone’spersonaldignity（Restatement）

ReasonablePersonStandard–whetheran“ordinarypersonnotundulysensitive”wouldbeoffended

▪I.e.notcontact“customaryandreasonabletothecommonintercourseoflife

▪Consenttoordinarytouchingisassumedforallcontactcustomaryandreasonablynecessarytothecommonintercourseoflife（Wallacev.Rosen–FireDrillStairs）

3.BodilyContact（directorindirect）

CanbeINDIRECT–ex.orderingdogtoattack

ExtendstoPERSONALEFFECTS

▪Unwantedandintentionalinvasionofone’spersonthroughdispossessionofanobjectisbatteryevenintheabsenceofphysicalcontact（Fisherv.Carrousel–grabbingplatefromhandwasoffensive）

***AWARENESS–Pdoesn’tneedtohaveactualawarenessofcontact（e.g.kissingwhileasleep）

4.SubstantialCertainty:

Dknowsthataharmfuloroffensivecontactis“substantiallycertain”tooccur,thefactthatDdoesn’tdesirethatcontactisirrelevantsubjectivetest

5.DEFENSES

CONSENT–nobattery.Contactbeyondthat–batterycanresult

▪Impliedconsent

1.Sportsevents–D’scontactwithPisbeyondordinarylevelofsport（Bengals）

▪Expressconsent

2.Medicalprocedures–iftheysignedadocument,goesbeyondthat=bat

▪Assumed/Apparentconsent

Privilege:

Contactthatexceedsprivilegeisbattery（e.g.selfdefwithdeadlyforcewhenunnecessary）

NECESSITY–IfD’sactisnecessary,nobattery（Brownv.Kendall–hitdogswithsticktoseparate,accidentallyhitanotherman）

C.ASSAULT:

intentionalcausingofanapprehensionofanimminentharmfuloroffensivecontact

1.Standardofproof:

Totalityofthecircumstances

2.IntentionalCausingof…

a.Intenttocause

（1）apprehensionor

（2）contactitself（battery）

▪IfDintendstocommitabatterywithoutapprehension,assaultintentsatisfied

b.Nohostility,malice,orintenttoharmrequired（e.g.prankscanbeassault）

c.Transferredintentapplies（ifPthrowsstoneatXbutPthinkstheywillbehit=assault）

d.Canoccurwhenprivilegeisexceeded（e.g.shootingatanunarmedburglar）

3.Apprehensionof…

a.***AWARENESSrequired–needACTUALcontactorapprehension（assaultrequiresaneffectonP）

▪AssaultmayoccurwhenitisapparenttoPthatDin