HR Theory-Charismatic Leadership Weber.docx
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HR Theory-Charismatic Leadership Weber.docx
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TheTripartiteClassificationofAuthority.ExplanationofCharismaticLeadershipofWeberandothers.('22)
WHATISCHARISMATICLEADERSHIP?
DESCRIPTION
CharismaticLeadershipisdefinedbyMaxWeberas"restingondevotiontotheexceptionalsanctity,
heroismorexemplarycharacterofanindividualperson,andofthenormativepatternsororderrevealedor
ordainedbyhim".HedefinesCharismaas"acertainqualityofanindividualpersonality,byvirtueof
whichheissetapartfromordinarymenandtreatedasendowedwithsupernatural,superhuman,orat
leastspecificallyexceptionalpowersorqualities.Thesearesuchasarenotaccessibletotheordinary
person,butareregardedasofdivineoriginorasexemplary,andonthebasisofthemtheindividual
concernedistreatedasaleader(...).Howthequalityinquestionwouldbeultimatelyjudgedfroman
ethical,aesthetic,orothersuchpointofviewisnaturallyindifferentforthepurposeofdefinition".
Charismaticpeoplehavearemarkableabilitytodistillcomplexideasintosimplemessages("Ihavea
dream");theycommunicatebyusingsymbols,analogies,metaphorsandstories.Furthermoretheyrelish
riskandfeelemptywithoutit,theyaregreatoptimists,theyarerebelswhofightconvention,andthey
mayseemidiosyncratic.
Charismaticleadersarepicturedasorganizationalheroesormagicleaderswhohavethesocialpower
basistoorchestrateturnarounds,launchnewenterprises,inspireorganizationalrenewal,andobtain
extraordinaryperformanceformorganizationalmembers.Theseleadersinspiretrust,faithandbeliefin
themselves.Ofcoursenoneofthisisaguaranteethatthemissionwillbecorrect,ethical,orsuccessful.
ORIGINOFTHECHARISMATICLEADERSHIPMODEL.HISTORY
GermanSociologistMaxWeberdistinguishedbackinthe1920'sthreeidealtypesofleadership,
dominationandauthority:
1.Charismaticdomination(familialandreligious),
2.Feudal/Traditionaldomination(patriarchs,patrimonalism,feudalism),and
3.Bureaucratic/Legaldomination(modernlawandstate,bureaucracy).
RobertHouse(1977)usedfourphrasestodefinecharismaticleadership:
1.Dominant.
2.Strongdesiretoinfluenceothers.
3.Self-confident.
4.Strongsenseofone’sownmoralvalues.
Conger&Kanungo(1998)describefivebehavioralattributesofCharismaticLeaders:
1.Visionandarticulation.
2.Sensitivitytotheenvironment.
3.Sensitivitytomemberneeds.
4.Personalrisktaking.
5.Performingunconventionalbehavior.
Mostrecentlycharismaisbeingcharacterizedastheatrical(Gardner&Alvolio,1998):
charismatic
leadershipisanimpressionmanagementprocessenactedtheatricallyinactsofframing,scripting,
staging,andperforming.Comparealso:
EPICADVISERS.
USAGEOFTHECHARISMATICLEADERSHIPSTYLE.APPLICATIONS·Indifficulttimesorcircumstances,suchasanurgentorganizationalturnaround.Compare:
CrisisManagement.·
NotethataccordingtoWeber,acharismaticleaderdoesnothavetobeapositiveforce.Both
MahatmaGandhiandAdolfHitlercouldbereasonablyconsideredcharismaticleaders.·
SeeCoreGroupstheoryforsomeofthemechanismsbehindcharismaticleadership.
STEPSINCHARISMATICLEADERSHIPAPPROACH.PROCESS
JayConger(1989)proposedthefollowingfour-stagemodelofcharismaticleadership:
1.Continualassessmentoftheenvironmentandformulatingavision.
2.Communicationofvision,usingmotivationalandpersuasivearguments.
3.Buildingtrustandcommitment.subordinatesmustdesireandsupportthegoalsofthe
leaderandthisislikelytobeaccomplishedbymorethancoercion;rathertheleaderbuildstrust
intheleaderandtheviabilityofthegoals;thisislikelytobedonethroughpersonalrisktaking,
unconventionalexpertise,andself-sacrifice.
4.Achievingthevision.UsingRolemodeling,empowerment,andunconventionaltactics.
STRENGTHSOFCHARISMATICLEADERSHIPSTYLE.BENEFITS·
Resultsinrelativelystrong,unchallengedlevelsofobedience.·Usefulindifficulttimesorcircumstances,suchasanurgentorganizationalturnaround.
Compare:
CrisisManagement.·
Effective.Ifthecharismaticleader'svisionisright,thisleadershipstylecanbeextremely
effective.·
Rhetoricalability.Compare:
Framing.·Energetic,innerclarity,visionary,unconventional,andexemplary.
LIMITATIONSOFCHARISMATICLEADERSHIPSTYLE.DISADVANTAGES·
Resultsinrelativelystrong,unchallengedlevelsofobedience.Tendencyofgatheringweak
"yes-men"aroundhim.Poordelegation.·
Peoplepossessingtheseskillsandattributesarerelativelyrare.·Tendencytonarcissism.Loosingreality.Insensitivetoothers.·Lackofaccountability.Freedomfrominner(moral)conflicts.Thevaluesofcharismaticleaders
areessential.
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- 关 键 词:
- HR Theory-Charismatic Leadership Weber Theory Charismatic