留学生文化差异性对比研究Word下载.docx
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留学生文化差异性对比研究Word下载.docx
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本文叙述并对比研究了那些出生在美国并且开始信仰基督教的第一代中国人与印度人。
转换信仰投奔基督教的中国人,因为之前接受过的宗教教育,具有着十分含蓄的宗教身份认同。
他们通过从根本上改变这种含蓄的暗藏的宗教身份,建构起了自己作为基督教徒的另一身份。
更具体的说,信仰基督教的中国人,批判典型的中国宗教身份,并将自己与中国传统宗教信仰者们划开距离。
这些中国移民通过一些象征符号,比如说食物和语言,加强了华裔的身份特征。
印度的宗教信仰者则往往形成了比较明确的宗教身份认同,主要是因为在印度宗教文化与世俗文化有很密切的联系。
为了构建已获得的宗教身份,印度宗教皈依者们能够同时接受被世人认为的和自己获得的两种宗教身份。
同样,他们也在宗教活动中强化了印度人的种族认同感。
中国移民和印度移民的对比展现了移民们如何在自己种族身份和宗教身份上的协商,以期在宗教信仰转换的过程中构建新身份。
Thisarticlecomparesdifferentnarrativesofidentityconstructionstrategiesforfirst-generationChineseandIndianwhoconvertedtoChristianityintheU.S.ChineseconvertedChristiansformedimplicitreligiousidentitiesduetopreviousreligiousexposures.TheyconstructachievedreligiousidentitiesasChristiansbyradicallyrejectingimplicitascribedreligiousidentities.Morespecifically,ChineseconvertedChristianscriticizetypicalChinesereligiousidentitiesanddistancethemselvesfrombeingabelieveroftraditionalChinesereligions.Simultaneously,convertedChineseimmigrantsreinforceChineseethnicidentitiesthroughsymbols,suchasfoodandlanguage.
IndianconvertsformexplicitascribedreligiousidentitiesbecauseofthecloserelationshipbetweenreligionandsecularcultureinIndia.Toconstructachievedreligiousidentities,Indianconvertsacceptbothascribedandachievedreligiousidentities.Similarly,theyalsoreinforceIndianethnicidentitiesinreligiousevents.ThecomparisonbetweenChineseandIndianimmigrantsshowshowimmigrantsnegotiatebetweentheirethnicandreligiousidentitiestoconstructnewidentitiesintheprocessofreligiousconversion.ThisstudyarguesthatIndianandChineseconvertsadoptdivergentstrategiestoconstructtheiridentitiesduetotheirdifferentperceptionsofreligionintheircountriesoforigin.Byexaminingethnicandreligiousidentitiesconstructionasawholepicture,thisstudyenhancestheunderstandingaboutthemechanismconnectingimmigrants’perceptionofculturalcontextsincountriesoforiginandtheirconversionexperienceintheU.S.
Introduction
Since1960s,theU.S.hasbeenthehostsocietyofAsianandLatinAmericanimmigrants(Wong1986).SomeimmigrantsmaintaintheirtraditionalreligionsintheU.S.(Chen2003;
EbaughandChafetz2000),whileothersconverttoChristianity(Ng2002;
Yang1999).Convertedimmigrantsdeservescholarlyattentionforthefollowingreasons.First,onasocietallevel,convertedimmigrantsbringracialandethnicdiversitytoAmericanChristianity(Ecklund2005).Second,onanindividuallevel,convertedimmigrantsexperienceradicaltransitionsinbothsocialcontextsandreligiousbackgrounds.Scholarsfoundthatsomeimmigrantsattempttonegotiatetheirethnicandreligiousidentitiesinthearenaofreligiouscongregations(EbaughandChafetz2000;
Hammond1988).
AmongAsianimmigrantscomingtotheU.S.afterthe1960s,thereligiousconversionexperienceofChineseandIndianpost1960simmigrantstotheU.Smeritattention.IndianandChineseindividualsaretwolargestAsianimmigrantgroups(Camarota2012).However,unlikeotherAsianimmigrantssuchasLaosandCambodianrefugees,ChineseandIndianimmigrantsspeakEnglishproficientlyandpossesprofessionalskills(Allard2011).DominantreligiousconversiontheoriessuggesthighlyeducatedimmigrantswithsufficientfinancialresourcesconverttoChristianityinordertoassimilateintoAmericansociety(Gorden1964;
Smith1978).Yet,scholarsfindthatdominantreligiousconversiontheoriesdonotfullyexplaintheconversionexperienceof“newimmigrantgroupsfromAsiaandLatinAmerica”,includingChineseimmigrants(Yang1998:
237).Unfortunately,veryfewscholarsfocusonthereligiousconversionexperienceofanotherlargeimmigrantgroupintheU.S.,AsianIndians.
ChineseandIndianImmigrants
ChineseandIndianimmigrantsexhibitseveralsimilaritiesmakingthemidealcandidatesforthecomparativestudyofreligiousconversionexperience.BothChinaandIndiahaveexperiencedpoliticalturmoilthatmayhavedestroyedculturaltraditionsandmadeChristianityanalternativeaccessiblebeliefsystemforChineseandIndianimmigrants(Yang1998).Afterthepoliticalturmoil,astheChineseCommunistParty(CCP)gainedcontrolandIndianobtainedindependence,ChinaandIndiadevelopedsimilarmodernizationstrategieswhichincludes“deliberateinsulationfromtheWorldeconomy,industrialization,andtheeconomicdominanceoftheState”(Srinivasan2004:
614).Thoughthesecularization“myth”predictsthatChinaandIndiashouldbesecularbecausemodernizationlinkswithsecularization(Casanova1994;
Yang2011),neitherChinanorIndiahasbecomesecularontheirwaytowardsmodernity.Incontrasttowhatthesecularization“myth”predicts,diversereligionsstillsurviveinbothChinaandIndia(Clothey2001;
Yang2011).BecauseIaminterestedinparticipants’perceptio
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