托福TPO19阅读文本+题目+答案Word文档格式.docx
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托福TPO19阅读文本+题目+答案Word文档格式.docx
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aconsiderableimpactonBritainwiththeircamps,fortifications,and
participationinthelocaleconomy.Assessingtheimpactofthearmyonthe
civilianpopulationstartsfromtherealizationthatthesoldierswerealways
unevenlydistributedacrossthecountry.Areasrapidlyincorporatedintothe
empirewerenotlongaffectedbythemilitary.Wherethearmyremained
stationed,itspresencewasmuchmoreinfluential.Theimpositionofamilitary
baseinvolvedtherequisitionofnativelandsforboththefortandthe
territoryneededtofeedandexercisethesoldiers'
animals.Theimpositionof
militaryrulealsorobbedlocalleadersofopportunitiestoparticipateinlocal
government,sosocialdevelopmentwasstuntedandtheseedsofdisaffection
sown.Thisthenmeantthatthemilitaryhadtoremaintosuppressrebellionand
organizegovernment.
EconomicexchangewasclearlyveryimportantastheRomanarmybroughtwith
itverysubstantialspendingpower.Locally[1]aforthadtwokindsofimpact.
Itslargepopulationneededfoodandothersupplies.Someofthesewere
certainlybroughtfromlongdistances,butdemandswereinevitablyplacedonthe
localarea.Althoughgoodscouldberequisitioned,theywereusuallypaidfor,
andthisprobablystimulatedchangesinthelocaleconomy.Whennotcampaigning,
soldiersneededtobeoccupied;
otherwisetheyrepresentedapotentially
dangeroussourceoffrictionanddisloyalty.Henceawritingtabletdated25
Apriltellsof343menatonefortengagedontaskslikeshoemaking,buildinga
bathhouse,operatingkilns,diggingclay,andworkinglead.Suchactivitieshad
amajoreffectonthelocalarea,inparticularwiththeconstructionof
infrastructuresuchasroads,whichimprovedaccesstoremoteareas.
Eachsoldierreceivedhispay,butinregionswithoutadevelopedeconomy
therewasinitiallylittleonwhichitcouldbespent.Thepoolofexcesscash
rapidlystimulatedathrivingeconomyoutsidefortgates.Someofthedemandfor
theservicesandgoodswasnodoubtfulfilledbypeopledrawnfromfarafield,
butsomelocalpeoplecertainlybecameentwinedinthisneweconomy.Therewas
informalmarriagewithsoldiers,whountilAD197werenotlegallyentitledto
wed,andwholenewcommunitiesgrewupneartheforts.Thesesettlementsacted
likesmalltowns,becomingcentersfortheartisanandtradingpopulations.
Thearmyalsoprovidedameanofpersonaladvancementforauxiliary
soldiersrecruitedfromthenativepeoples,asamanobtainedhereditaryRoman
citizenshiponretirementafterserviceinanauxiliaryregiment.Suchunits
recruitedonanadhoc(asneeded)basisfromtheareainwhichtheywere
stationed,andtherewasevidentlylarge-scalerecruitmentwithinBritain.The
totalnumberswereatleast12,500menuptothereignoftheemperorHadrian
(A.D.117-138),withapeakaroundA.D.80.Althoughasmallproportionofthe
totalpopulation,thisperhapshadamassivelocalimpactwhenalarge
proportionoftheyoungmenwereremovedfromanarea.Newlyraisedregiments
werenormallytransferredtoanotherprovincefromwhenceitwasunlikelythat
individualrecruitswouldeverreturn.MostunitsraisedinBritainwent
elsewhereontheEuropeancontinent,althoughoneisrecordedinMorocco.The
reverseprocessbroughtyoungmentoBritain,wheremanycontinuedtoliveafter
their20to25yearsofservice,andthisaddedtothecosmopolitanRoman
characterofthefrontierpopulation.BythelaterRomanperiod,frontier
garrisons(groupsofsoldiers)wereonlyrarelytransferred,serviceinunits
becameeffectivelyhereditary,andfortswerenolongerpopulatedormaintained
atfullstrength.
Thisprocessofsettlinginasacommunityoverseveralgenerations,
combinedwithlocalrecruitment,presumablyaccountsfortheapparentstability
oftheBritishnorthernfrontierinthelaterRomanperiod.Italsoexplainswhy
someofthefortscontinuedinoccupationlongafterRomeceasedtohaveany
formalauthorityinBritain,atthebeginningofthefifthcenturyA.D.The
circumstancesthathadallowednativestobecomeRomanizedalsoledthe
self-sustainingmilitarycommunityofthefrontierareatobecomeeffectively
British.
Paragraph1:
InthewakeoftheRomanEmpire'
sconquestofBritaininthe
firstcenturyA.D.,alargenumberoftroopsstayedinthenewprovince,and
thesetroopshadaconsiderableimpactonBritainwiththeircamps,
fortifications,andparticipati
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