对大学生创业教育的研究外文翻译Word格式.docx
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对大学生创业教育的研究外文翻译Word格式.docx
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原文
ExaminingUndergraduateEntrepreneurshipEducation
MaterialSource:
JournalofSmallBusinessandEntrepreneurship19,no.3(2006):
pp.233-254
Author:
KyleenK.Myrah,OkanaganCollege
ABSTRACT.Theauthorsofthispaperexaminethecurrentstateofundergraduateentrepreneurshipeducation.Aftercritiquingthespectrumofliberalandvocationalelementsofeducationandtheimportanceofeach,anewframework,"
SharedValuesFrameworkforEntrepreneurshipEducation,"
isproposedandevaluated.Institutions'
undergraduateentrepreneurshipliteratureandcoursematerialareanalysedthroughcontentanalysis,followedby12semi-structured,in-depthinterviewswitheducatorsworkinginthefield.Findingsindicatethatasawhole,undergraduateentrepreneurshipeducationisunderdevelopedandeducatorspositionedinthefieldfacechallengesinthreemajorareas;
politicaltensions,philosophicaldilemmasandimplementationstruggles.Theauthorsconcludewithrecommendationstosupportentrepreneurshipeducatorsintheirpractice.
FindingsandDiscussion
Theemphasisbyeducatorsteachingentrepreneurshipcoursesonthetechnical,businessstart-upprocessandrequiredpracticalskillsdemonstratesafairlylimitedperspectivetoentrepreneurshipeducation.Italsoindicatesthatrunningabusinessisconsideredsynonymouswithentrepreneurship,anddoesnotincludeothercriteriaasdiscussedintheliteraturesuchasinnovation(Drucker,1985),creativity,riskanduncertainty(Dollinger,1999),opportunities(Timmons,1990),initiative,imaginationandleadership(Gibb,1987)andgrowth(Blawatt,1998).Thesefindingsindicatethatthemarketforentrepreneurshipcoursesislimitedandthereexistsalackofsupportorrecognitionforthistypeofprogrammingattheinstitutionallevel.
Thedocumentreviewfounddiversityintheprogramapproachestakentoteachthissubjectarea,rangingfromshort-termtechnicalprograms,tobroader-basedandmoreintegratedlong-termprograms.Havingmoreopportunityacrossawholeprogramtoprovideexposuretoagreaterbreadthoftopicsmayimpactthebroader-basedapproachesfoundintheentrepreneurshipprogramcurricula.EightinstitutionsinBritishColumbiawereidentifiedasprovidingsometypeofentrepreneurshipprogram.Manyoftheseprograms,however,appearedtobebusinesscoursespackagedtogetherandmarketedasanentrepreneurialoffering,withoutasubstantiveoruniqueapproachtoseparateitfromotherbusinessareas.Thesefindingsalsosuggesttherecouldbealackofsupportforthissubjectareaasacorepartofthebusinesscurriculum.Thiscouldbebecauseentrepreneurshipisnotawell-establishedareaofundergraduateeducationalprogramminginBritishColumbia,due,inpart,tothelimiteddemandinthepost-secondarymarketforentrepreneurshipprograms.
Thestateofentrepreneurshipeducationevidentfromthedocumentreviewappearsmorereflectiveofthevocationalapproachtoeducationidentifiedearlierinthestudy.Short-term,instrumentalcoursesandprogramsofferedatmanyoftheinstitutionsfitswellintotheemphasisonworkereducation.Pring(1995)definesthecharacteristicsofvocationalpreparationasfocusingonskills,attitudes,qualitiesandknowledgeprimarilyforentryintotheworldofwork.Thepursuitofcompetenceisprimary,whetheratwork,inthehome,orthecommunity,ratherthanthepursuitofintellectualexcellenceforitsownsake.Itisthebeliefthatthislearningisbestpracticedbyengagingthelearnerinanadultworld,throughpracticalandactivity-basedtasks,withauthoritiesfromindustryandcommerce.
Theideologyoffiscalrestraint,andtheneedforcapitalandacheapandmobileworkforce,ischaracteristicofamoreconservativeagendaandthedemandforjust-in-timeknowledgeworkers.Entrepreneurshipeducationisperhapsoneresponsetothisparticularagendaasindividuals,ratherthangovernment,arefocuseduponasasiteofchangethroughpersonaldevelopmentandattitudinaladjustment.AsHouse(1995)argues,educatorsaroundtheworldarebeingencouragedtoadoptentrepreneurshipasavehicleforcreatinganddisseminatingknowledgewiththegoalofraisingnationalcompetitiveness.Interestsandvaluesthatreflectthismoreconservativeapproacharewellhiddenundertheauspicesof"
skilldevelopment,"
andcouldbeseenasmoredefensibletothestakeholderlearningcommunitywhodemandrelevantandappliedprograms.Forexample,thepushforcurriculumchangeshasbeenfuelledbywhatPring(1995)referstoaseducationalaimsbasedonpreparationforlife,personaleffectivenessandrelevance:
"
Bothparentsandpupils(butnotteachers)pututilityandrelevancetoworkinglifehighontheirlists"
(16).
Thepurposeofinterviewswastodeterminethegoalsandvaluesthatarereflectedineducators'
approaches,howtheybelievetheentrepreneur
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- 大学生 创业 教育 研究 外文 翻译