文化软实力外文文献翻译中英文Word下载.docx
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文化软实力外文文献翻译中英文Word下载.docx
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英文
Softpower,globalgovernanceofculturalindustriesandrisingpowers:
thecaseofChina
AntoniosVlassis
Abstract
Thisarticleaddressestheimportanceofculturalindustriesforthestrengtheningofthesoftpoweroftherisingpowersanditseekstounderstandhowtheculturalindustriesallowrisingpowerstoshapethestructuresoftheirinternationalenvironment.Morespecifically,studyingthecasesofPeople’sRepublicofChinaandofthemovieindustry,myarticlefocusesonthecurrentevolutionoftherelationshipbetweentheChineseauthoritiesandthefilmindustry,aswellasonthedevelopmentofthedomesticfilmmarket.IfurtheraimtodrawupaninventoryofChina’srolewithintheglobalgovernanceofculturalindustries.Finally,IaimtohighlighttheglobalculturalcompetitionthatChinafaces,emphasizingthepracticesoftheUSadministrationandHollywood.IarguethatevenifChinaisthecurrentcentreofgravitywithintheworldeconomy,itstillhasalongwaytogoinordertoshapethedistributionofresourceswithintheglobalgovernanceofculturalindustriesandtoplayacrucialroleintheinternationalbattleofculturalsymbols.
Keywords:
China;
softpower;
globalgovernance;
culturalindustries;
USadministrationandHollywood
Theculturalindustries,oscillatedbetweensymbolicandmaterialspheres,raiseimportantissuesformanyinvolvedactors:
economicissuesbecauseculturalindustriesareakeysectorintermsofgrowthandemploymentforthenationaleconomies1;
politicalissues,giventhatculturalindustries–seenasvehiclesofvaluesandcollectiverepresentations–areresourcesofthepowerofStatesandoftheircapacitytoshapetheirinternationalenvironment;
finally,identityissuesbecauseculturalexpressions–distributedbyculturalindustries–areusuallycomponentsofanational,regionalorlocalidentityandmanyactorsareincreasinglyworriedonculturaldominance.
InOctober2011,the17thCentralCommitteeoftheChineseCommunistPartyunderlinedtheneedforstrengtheningtheChinesesoftpower‘withaviewtotheoverallprosperityofculturalundertakingsandsounddevelopmentofculturalindustries’andforholding‘fasttotheapproachofmulti-level,extensiveinternationalculturalexchangesandcontinuouslyimprovetheinternationalinfluenceofChineseculture’(MinistryofCultureofthePeople’sRepublicofChina2013,p.3).SincetheendoftheColdWar,theriseofChinaontheworldstagehasbeenoneofthemostimportanthistoricalandpoliticalphenomena.Itsimpressiveeconomicgrowth,itssocialtransformationsanditsinfluenceontheinternationalaffairsforcemanyscholarstoquestionthestatusofChinaintheinternationalarena.IsChinaarisingpowerthatmovesonfromregionalpowertoglobalpower?
IsthedesireoftheChineseauthoritiestochallengetheUSpredominanceandtoaccesstotheworldhegemony?
(Johnston2003,Gipouloux2006,Cabestan2010,Shambaugh2013).
Ontheonehand,recentstudiesfocusontheforeignculturalactionofChinaanditssoftpowerinordertoofferusefulinsightsonthesetrickyquestions(CheowandChu2004,ChoandJeong2008,Mingjiang2009,Barr2010,Wang2011,LaiandLulu2012,Swielande2012).Intheirdefinitiononthesoftpower,theyincludevariousareassuchastrade,language,valuesinthebroadestsense,religionandeducation.However,theculturalindustries,andespeciallyfilmindustry,arestillanunknownfactorforhighlightingtherolethatChinacanandwillplayontheglobalstage.Furthermore,itwouldpointoutthattheanalysisonimmaterialresourcesofpowercameparticularlytodominatethedisciplineofInternationalRelations(IR)duringthe1980sdebateonthepossibledeclineofUShegemony(Battistella2013,p.239).Assuch,in1990,JosephNye(1990,2004)developedtheconceptofsoftpowerinordertohighlightthetransformationsofthecomponentsoftheStatepowerinthecurrentinternationalrelations.AstheprominentAmericanscholarputit,iftheUnitedStateswishestobethehegemonicpowerofthe21thcentury,itwouldneedtostrengthenitssoftpower,basedonintangibleresources.2Inaddition,duringthe1980s,SusanStrangeelaboratedtheconceptofstructuralpowerinordertofocusonthetangibleandintangiblecapabilitiesoftheUnitedStatestodeterminetheinternationalstructuresandtoprovidetheleadershipontheglobalscale(Strange1994).Whilethetwoscholarsidentifiedmultiplevariablestounderstandthetransformationofpowerintheeraofglobalization,theculturalindustrieswerenotadequatelyaddressedintheirstudies.However,theapproachofSusanStrangerecentlyinspiredanalyses(Scott2004,LarocheandBohas2005,Bohas2010)onculturalcapitalismoftheUnitedStatesandonitsmainvectors,suchasthemultinationalentertainment
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