微生物学英语教学讲义全Word文档下载推荐.docx

微生物学英语教学讲义全Word文档下载推荐.docx

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viruse

1.3Widelydistributedinvariousenvironmentwithlargenumbers

soil.109CFU/g

water

air

plants,animals,humanbody

extremeenvironment,e.g.hotsprings

1.4Fastgrowing,easycultivation

generationtime,min.-hr.

1.5Easymutation

2.Theplaceofmicroorganismsinthelivingworld

2.1whittaker’sfivekingdomconcept（1969）

Kingdomplantae

Kingdomanimalia

Kingdomfungi

Kingdomprotista

Kingdommonera

Thisclassificationsystemwasbasedonnutrition,photosynthesis,absorptionandingestion.

2.2Woese’sthreedomains（kingdoms）

Domainbacteria

DomainArchaea

Domaineucarya

3.Thescopeofmicrobiology

Microbiologyisthestudyoflivingorganismsofmicroscopicsize,whichincludebacteria,fungi,algae,protozoaandviruses.Itisconcernedwiththeirmorphology,reproduction,physiology,metabolism,geneticsandclassification.Itincludesthestudyoftheirdistributionandfunctioninnature,theirrelationshiptoeachotherandtootherlivingorganisms,theireffectsonhumanbeings,animalsandplants.

4.Whydowestudymicrobiology?

Microorganismsaffectthewell-beingofpeopleinagreatmanyways.Theyoccurinlargenumbersinmostnaturalenvironments.Someofthemarebeneficialandothersaredetrimental.

4.1Thebeneficialaspects

•InAgriculture

•Microbialfertilizer

•Biologicalcontrol

•SCP

•Microbialenergy:

methanegasforruralconsumption

•Infoodproduction

•yogurt,cheese,wine（alcoholfermentation）

•foodingredients

•Inenvironmentprotection

•treatmentofwastematerials

•todecomposematerials:

pesticides,herbicides

•InBiochemicalindustry

•Antibiotics

•enzymes

•Aminoacides

•organicacids

•inmedicine

•Vaccine

•Antibioticspenicillin

•ThepotentialappliedareasofMicrobiology

•GMORecombinantDNAtechnology

•Microbialplastics

•Microbialpesticides

•MicrobiosensorM传感器

•Microbialfuelcells微生物燃料电池

•MicrobialDNAchip微生物DNA芯片

•Exploitationofmicroorganismsinextremeenvironments

4.2Thedetrimentalaspects

•Causediseases:

humanbeingsanimalsPlants

•spoilfood

•deterioratematerials:

ironpipes,wood,cloth

Objectives:

makefulluseandexploitationofthebeneficialaspects;

avoidandcontrolthedetrimentalaspects

Chapter1TheMorphologyandFineStructureofMicroorganisms

1.ProcaryoticMicroorganisms

1.1FeaturesdistinquishingprocaryoticfromEucaryoticcells

feature

Prokaryoticcells

Bacteria（archaea）

Eucaryoticcells（fungi,protozoa,plant,animal）

Cellwall

Cellmembrane

Cytoplasmicstructures

Mesosome

Ribosome

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Golgistructure

Endoplosmicreticulum

nucleus

Peptidoglycanascomponent

Generallydonotcontainsterol;

containpartofrespiratoryand,insome,photosyntheticmachineryinvagination

Present

70S

Absent

Notboundedbynuclear

membrane;

onecircular

chromosome,

Chromosomedoesnot

Containhistones;

nomitoticdivirsion

Nucleolusabsent

Absenteofpeptidoglycan

Sterolspresent;

donotcarryoutrespiratoryandphotosynthesis

non

absent

80S

present

Boundedbynuclearmembrane;

Morethanonechromosome

Chromosomeshavehistones;

Mitoticnucleardivision

Nucleoluspresent

1.2Bacteria

1.2.1Thesize,shapeandarrangementofbacterialcell

•sphiericalcocci,coccusum;

diameter

A:

diplococci

B:

streptococci

C:

tetrads

D:

staphylococci

E:

Sarcinae

•straightrods:

widnthxLengthum,bacilli,bacillus,Lactobacillus

•helicallycurvedrods:

spirilla,spirillum

widthxLengthum（No.ofcurve）

•filament:

hyphae,hypha→mycelium

diameterofhyphaμm

Actinoinyces:

streptomycesspecies

△somearenotconstant,butpleomorphicshape

1.2.2Simplestainingtechnique

Thecolorationofbacterialcellbyapplyingasinglesolutionofstaintoafixedsmearistermedsimplestaining.

Steps:

•Smearbacterialcellsonaslide

•dryandfix

•Thefixedsmearisfloodedwithadyesolutionforaspecifiedperiodoftime

•WashoffwithH2Oanddrytheclide

•examethesize.Shapeandarrangementofbacterialcellsundermicroscope

1.2.3Thestructuresandfunctionsofbacterialcells

1.2.3.1Structuresexternaltothecellwall

A.Flagella,Flagellum

Bacterialflagellaarehairlike,helicalappendagest